A model challenge by King, Anthony

Tackling the great challenges in biology: Beyond evolution, defining the greatest challenges in biology is a challenge itself by Hunter, Philip

Time delay lens modelling challenge by Ding, X, Treu, T, Birrer, S, Chen, G C-F, Coles, J, Denzel, P, Frigo, M, Galan, A, Marshall, P J, Millon, M, More, A, Shajib, A J, Sluse, D, Tak, H, Xu, D, Auger, M W, Bonvin, V, Chand, H, Courbin, F, Despali, G, Fassnacht, C D, Gilman, D, Hilbert, S, Kumar, S R, Lin, J Y-Y, Park, J W, Saha, P, Vegetti, S, Van de Vyvere, L, Williams, L L R

Partnering for Grand Challenges: A Review of Organizational Design Considerations in Public–Private Collaborations by George, Gerard, Fewer, Thomas J., Lazzarini, Sergio, McGahan, Anita M., Puranam, Phanish

Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challenges by Peng, Ciyuan, Xia, Feng, Naseriparsa, Mehdi, Osborne, Francesco

The Cell Tracking Challenge: 10 years of objective benchmarking by Maška, Martin, Ulman, Vladimír, Delgado-Rodriguez, Pablo, Gómez-de-Mariscal, Estibaliz, Nečasová, Tereza, Guerrero Peña, Fidel A., Ren, Tsang Ing, Meyerowitz, Elliot M., Scherr, Tim, Löffler, Katharina, Mikut, Ralf, Guo, Tianqi, Wang, Yin, Allebach, Jan P., Bao, Rina, Al-Shakarji, Noor M., Rahmon, Gani, Toubal, Imad Eddine, Palaniappan, Kannappan, Lux, Filip, Matula, Petr, Sugawara, Ko, Magnusson, Klas E. G., Aho, Layton, Cohen, Andrew R., Arbelle, Assaf, Ben-Haim, Tal, Raviv, Tammy Riklin, Isensee, Fabian, Jäger, Paul F., Maier-Hein, Klaus H., Zhu, Yanming, Ederra, Cristina, Urbiola, Ainhoa, Meijering, Erik, Cunha, Alexandre, Muñoz-Barrutia, Arrate, Kozubek, Michal, Ortiz-de-Solórzano, Carlos

Nasal allergen challenge and environmental exposure chamber challenge: A randomized trial comparing clinical and biological responses to cat allergen by Larson, David, Patel, Piyush, Salapatek, Anne Marie, Couroux, Peter, Whitehouse, Don, Pina, Adela, Johnson, Jacqueline L., Sever, Michelle L., Sanda, Srinath, Poyser, Julian, Allio, Theresa, Scadding, Guy W., Qin, Tielin, Shamji, Mohamed H., Kwok, William W., James, Eddie A., French, Deanna, Lelic, Alina, Larché, Mark, Altman, Matthew C., Togias, Alkis, Durham, Stephen R.

The SOFA score—development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials by Lambden, Simon, Laterre, Pierre Francois, Levy, Mitchell M., Francois, Bruno

Molecular Firefighting—How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy by Velencoso, Maria M., Battig, Alexander, Markwart, Jens C., Schartel, Bernhard, Wurm, Frederik R.

A conversation-based perspective for shaping ethical human–machine interactions: The particular challenge of chatbots by Murtarelli, Grazia, Gregory, Anne, Romenti, Stefania

Spirorocyclic compound NMR challenge: Spirorocyclic compound NMR challenge by Kozytskyi, Andrii V., Levchenko, Kostiantyn V.

The challenge of de‐labeling penicillin allergy by Stone, Cosby A., Trubiano, Jason, Coleman, David T., Rukasin, Christine R. F., Phillips, Elizabeth J.

Music Demixing Challenge 2021 by Mitsufuji, Yuki, Fabbro, Giorgio, Uhlich, Stefan, Stöter, Fabian-Robert, Défossez, Alexandre, Kim, Minseok, Choi, Woosung, Yu, Chin-Yun, Cheuk, Kin-Wai

Fuzzing: Challenges and Reflections by Boehme, Marcel, Cadar, Cristian, ROYCHOUDHURY, Abhik

Linking employees’ challenge-hindrance appraisals toward AI to service performance: the influences of job crafting, job insecurity and AI knowledge by He, Changqing, Teng, Rongrong, Song, Jun

Author's Reply: ``Comment on “The crackers challenge”: A reassuring low-dose gluten challenge in adults on gluten-free diet without proper diagnosis of coeliac disease by Rispo, Antonio, Ciacci, Carolina

Mitosis domain generalization in histopathology images — The MIDOG challenge by Aubreville, Marc, Stathonikos, Nikolas, Bertram, Christof A., Klopfleisch, Robert, ter Hoeve, Natalie, Ciompi, Francesco, Wilm, Frauke, Marzahl, Christian, Donovan, Taryn A., Maier, Andreas, Breen, Jack, Ravikumar, Nishant, Chung, Youjin, Park, Jinah, Nateghi, Ramin, Pourakpour, Fattaneh, Fick, Rutger H.J., Ben Hadj, Saima, Jahanifar, Mostafa, Shephard, Adam, Dexl, Jakob, Wittenberg, Thomas, Kondo, Satoshi, Lafarge, Maxime W., Koelzer, Viktor H., Liang, Jingtang, Wang, Yubo, Long, Xi, Liu, Jingxin, Razavi, Salar, Khademi, April, Yang, Sen, Wang, Xiyue, Erber, Ramona, Klang, Andrea, Lipnik, Karoline, Bolfa, Pompei, Dark, Michael J., Wasinger, Gabriel, Veta, Mitko, Breininger, Katharina

The Challenge by Robbins, Timothy

A Challenge to the Standard Cosmological Model by Secrest, Nathan J., von Hausegger, Sebastian, Rameez, Mohamed, Mohayaee, Roya, Sarkar, Subir

Dengue virus-reactive CD8+ T cells mediate cross-protection against subsequent Zika virus challenge by Wen, Jinsheng, Elong Ngono, Annie, Regla-Nava, Jose Angel, Kim, Kenneth, Gorman, Matthew J., Diamond, Michael S., Shresta, Sujan