Unraveling the Origin of Visible Light Capture by Core–Shell TiO2 Nanotubes

• Published in: Chemistry of materials 2016-06, Vol.28 (12), p.4467-4475
• Main Authors: Li, Jun, Liu, Chang-Hai, Li, Xia, Wang, Zhi-Qiang, Shao, Yu-Cheng, Wang, Sui-Dong, Sun, Xue-Liang, Pong, Way-Faung, Guo, Jing-Hua, Sham, Tsun-Kong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0897-4756; 1520-5002
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01673

A black TiO2 nanotube (NT) heterostructure with an anatase-core and an amorphous-shell has been synthesized by NH3 annealing of amorphous NT grown by the anodization of a Ti substrate. Remarkable photoabsorption behavior of these black TiO2 NTs is observed: strong absorption throughout the entire optical wavelength region from ultraviolet to near-infrared. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) have been used to elucidate the origin of this spectacular light capture phenomenon. Surface-sensitive XANES recorded in total electron yield and XPS show that the surface layer is amorphous with a chemical composition approaching that of Ti4O7. Bulk-sensitive XANES using X-ray partial fluorescence yield and Ti 2p RIXS confirm the presence of a rich amount of Ti3+ in the crystalline bulk (core of the NT with anatase structure) of black TiO2 NTs, which exhibits a dispersive d-d energy loss at ∼2 eV corresponding to the broad visible light absorption at ∼600 nm. Our results suggest that the extraordinary photoabsorption behavior of these black TiO2 NTs is due to the stabilization of Ti3+ in this special N-doped core–shell assembly having structure varying between TiO2 (bulk anatase) and Ti4O7 (surface, amorphous).