An ecological study on the association between universal health service coverage index, health expenditures, and early childhood caries

Background Universal health care (UHC) may assist families whose children are most prone to early childhood caries (ECC) in accessing dental treatment and prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between UHC, health expenditure and the global prevalence of ECC. Methods...

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Main Authors: Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, El Tantawi, Maha, Virtanen, Jorma, Feldens, Carlos Alberto, Rashwan, Maher, Kemoli, Arthur M, Villena, Rita, Al‑Batayneh, Ola B, Amalia, Rosa, Gafar, Balgis, Mohebbi, Simin Z, Arheiam, Arheiam, Daryanavard, Hamideh, Vukovic, Ana, Schroth, Robert J
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creator Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
El Tantawi, Maha
Virtanen, Jorma
Feldens, Carlos Alberto
Rashwan, Maher
Kemoli, Arthur M
Villena, Rita
Al‑Batayneh, Ola B
Amalia, Rosa
Gafar, Balgis
Mohebbi, Simin Z
Arheiam, Arheiam
Daryanavard, Hamideh
Vukovic, Ana
Schroth, Robert J
description Background Universal health care (UHC) may assist families whose children are most prone to early childhood caries (ECC) in accessing dental treatment and prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between UHC, health expenditure and the global prevalence of ECC. Methods Health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product, UHC service coverage index, and the percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC were compared among countries with various income levels using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Three linear regression models were developed, and each was adjusted for the country income level with the prevalence of ECC in 3–5-year-old children being the dependent variable. In model 1, UHC service coverage index was the independent variable whereas in model 2, the independent variable was the health expenditure as percentage of GDP. Model 3 included both independent variables together. Regression coefficients (B), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), P values, and partial eta squared (ƞ2) as measure of effect size were calculated. Results Linear regression including both independent factors revealed that health expenditure as percentage of GDP (P 
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The purpose of this study was to determine the association between UHC, health expenditure and the global prevalence of ECC. Methods Health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product, UHC service coverage index, and the percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC were compared among countries with various income levels using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Three linear regression models were developed, and each was adjusted for the country income level with the prevalence of ECC in 3–5-year-old children being the dependent variable. In model 1, UHC service coverage index was the independent variable whereas in model 2, the independent variable was the health expenditure as percentage of GDP. Model 3 included both independent variables together. Regression coefficients (B), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), P values, and partial eta squared (ƞ2) as measure of effect size were calculated. Results Linear regression including both independent factors revealed that health expenditure as percentage of GDP (P &lt; 0.0001) was significantly associated with the percentage of ECC in 3–5-year-old children while UHC service coverage index was not significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC (P = 0.05). Every 1% increase in GDP allocated to health expenditure was associated with a 3.7% lower percentage of children with ECC (B = − 3.71, 95% CI: − 5.51, − 1.91). UHC service coverage index was not associated with the percentage of children with ECC (B = 0.61, 95% CI: − 0.01, 1.23). The impact of health expenditure on the prevalence of ECC was stronger than that of UHC coverage on the prevalence of ECC (ƞ2 = 0.18 vs. 0.05). Conclusions Higher expenditure on health care may be associated with lower prevalence of ECC and may be a more viable approach to reducing early childhood oral health disparities than UHC alone. The findings suggest that currently, UHC is weakly associated with lower global prevalence of ECC.</description><language>eng</language><publisher>BMC</publisher><creationdate>2021</creationdate><rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,780,885,26567</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/2768853$$EView_record_in_NORA$$FView_record_in_$$GNORA$$Hfree_for_read</linktorsrc></links><search><creatorcontrib>Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El Tantawi, Maha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virtanen, Jorma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Feldens, Carlos Alberto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashwan, Maher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kemoli, Arthur M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Villena, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al‑Batayneh, Ola B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amalia, Rosa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gafar, Balgis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohebbi, Simin Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arheiam, Arheiam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daryanavard, Hamideh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vukovic, Ana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schroth, Robert J</creatorcontrib><title>An ecological study on the association between universal health service coverage index, health expenditures, and early childhood caries</title><description>Background Universal health care (UHC) may assist families whose children are most prone to early childhood caries (ECC) in accessing dental treatment and prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between UHC, health expenditure and the global prevalence of ECC. Methods Health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product, UHC service coverage index, and the percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC were compared among countries with various income levels using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Three linear regression models were developed, and each was adjusted for the country income level with the prevalence of ECC in 3–5-year-old children being the dependent variable. In model 1, UHC service coverage index was the independent variable whereas in model 2, the independent variable was the health expenditure as percentage of GDP. Model 3 included both independent variables together. Regression coefficients (B), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), P values, and partial eta squared (ƞ2) as measure of effect size were calculated. Results Linear regression including both independent factors revealed that health expenditure as percentage of GDP (P &lt; 0.0001) was significantly associated with the percentage of ECC in 3–5-year-old children while UHC service coverage index was not significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC (P = 0.05). Every 1% increase in GDP allocated to health expenditure was associated with a 3.7% lower percentage of children with ECC (B = − 3.71, 95% CI: − 5.51, − 1.91). UHC service coverage index was not associated with the percentage of children with ECC (B = 0.61, 95% CI: − 0.01, 1.23). The impact of health expenditure on the prevalence of ECC was stronger than that of UHC coverage on the prevalence of ECC (ƞ2 = 0.18 vs. 0.05). Conclusions Higher expenditure on health care may be associated with lower prevalence of ECC and may be a more viable approach to reducing early childhood oral health disparities than UHC alone. The findings suggest that currently, UHC is weakly associated with lower global prevalence of ECC.</description><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>3HK</sourceid><recordid>eNqNijkOAjEQBDchQMAfhhwkDnGkCIF4APlqsJv1SNYYebwcL-DbbAA5Uamrq1-9d0pwKaZGHEey0voXJaUSQGyWnHCRbl9QHoBSq3JHti4N4FgCGfJdHMilznMDEvV4Tn43njeol9Jm2IRYPYFzfJELEn1IyZPjLLBh1btyNIy-HFTj4-G8P01dFiuitabM9Xy-WM3qxWa93a6Wy3-aD6mSS-4</recordid><startdate>2021</startdate><enddate>2021</enddate><creator>Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin</creator><creator>El Tantawi, Maha</creator><creator>Virtanen, Jorma</creator><creator>Feldens, Carlos Alberto</creator><creator>Rashwan, Maher</creator><creator>Kemoli, Arthur M</creator><creator>Villena, Rita</creator><creator>Al‑Batayneh, Ola B</creator><creator>Amalia, Rosa</creator><creator>Gafar, Balgis</creator><creator>Mohebbi, Simin Z</creator><creator>Arheiam, Arheiam</creator><creator>Daryanavard, Hamideh</creator><creator>Vukovic, Ana</creator><creator>Schroth, Robert J</creator><general>BMC</general><scope>3HK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2021</creationdate><title>An ecological study on the association between universal health service coverage index, health expenditures, and early childhood caries</title><author>Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin ; El Tantawi, Maha ; Virtanen, Jorma ; Feldens, Carlos Alberto ; Rashwan, Maher ; Kemoli, Arthur M ; Villena, Rita ; Al‑Batayneh, Ola B ; Amalia, Rosa ; Gafar, Balgis ; Mohebbi, Simin Z ; Arheiam, Arheiam ; Daryanavard, Hamideh ; Vukovic, Ana ; Schroth, Robert J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-cristin_nora_11250_27688533</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El Tantawi, Maha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virtanen, Jorma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Feldens, Carlos Alberto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashwan, Maher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kemoli, Arthur M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Villena, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al‑Batayneh, Ola B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amalia, Rosa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gafar, Balgis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohebbi, Simin Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arheiam, Arheiam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daryanavard, Hamideh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vukovic, Ana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schroth, Robert J</creatorcontrib><collection>NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives</collection></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin</au><au>El Tantawi, Maha</au><au>Virtanen, Jorma</au><au>Feldens, Carlos Alberto</au><au>Rashwan, Maher</au><au>Kemoli, Arthur M</au><au>Villena, Rita</au><au>Al‑Batayneh, Ola B</au><au>Amalia, Rosa</au><au>Gafar, Balgis</au><au>Mohebbi, Simin Z</au><au>Arheiam, Arheiam</au><au>Daryanavard, Hamideh</au><au>Vukovic, Ana</au><au>Schroth, Robert J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An ecological study on the association between universal health service coverage index, health expenditures, and early childhood caries</atitle><date>2021</date><risdate>2021</risdate><abstract>Background Universal health care (UHC) may assist families whose children are most prone to early childhood caries (ECC) in accessing dental treatment and prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between UHC, health expenditure and the global prevalence of ECC. Methods Health expenditure as percentage of gross domestic product, UHC service coverage index, and the percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC were compared among countries with various income levels using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Three linear regression models were developed, and each was adjusted for the country income level with the prevalence of ECC in 3–5-year-old children being the dependent variable. In model 1, UHC service coverage index was the independent variable whereas in model 2, the independent variable was the health expenditure as percentage of GDP. Model 3 included both independent variables together. Regression coefficients (B), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), P values, and partial eta squared (ƞ2) as measure of effect size were calculated. Results Linear regression including both independent factors revealed that health expenditure as percentage of GDP (P &lt; 0.0001) was significantly associated with the percentage of ECC in 3–5-year-old children while UHC service coverage index was not significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC (P = 0.05). Every 1% increase in GDP allocated to health expenditure was associated with a 3.7% lower percentage of children with ECC (B = − 3.71, 95% CI: − 5.51, − 1.91). UHC service coverage index was not associated with the percentage of children with ECC (B = 0.61, 95% CI: − 0.01, 1.23). The impact of health expenditure on the prevalence of ECC was stronger than that of UHC coverage on the prevalence of ECC (ƞ2 = 0.18 vs. 0.05). Conclusions Higher expenditure on health care may be associated with lower prevalence of ECC and may be a more viable approach to reducing early childhood oral health disparities than UHC alone. The findings suggest that currently, UHC is weakly associated with lower global prevalence of ECC.</abstract><pub>BMC</pub><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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title An ecological study on the association between universal health service coverage index, health expenditures, and early childhood caries
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