Multi‐trait selection of bread wheat ideotypes for adaptation to early sown condition

• Published in: Crop science 2022-01, Vol.62 (1), p.67-82
• Main Authors: Farhad, Md, Tripathi, Shashi Bhushan, Singh, Ravi Prakash, Joshi, Arun Kumar, Bhati, Pradeep Kumar, Vishwakarma, Manish Kumar, Mondal, Suchismita, Malik, Anoop Anand, Kumar, Uttam
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0011-183X; 1435-0653
• DOI: 10.1002/csc2.20628

Genotypes developed for a particular mega‐environment or management condition may not suit different management or specific local environments. Planting earlier than the recommended planting time is currently a new avenue to improve genotypic performance, supporting horizontal yield increases in the region when winter is shortening. In India, wheat growers are looking at early planting because it can use residual soil moisture from monsoons and escape terminal heat stress. A best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)‐based multi‐environmental stability analysis was conducted on three sets of genotypes across three consecutive years (2017, 2018, and 2019) under early and timely planting dates to identify genotypes for further breeding. A number of traits were studied: phenological (early ground cover, days to booting [DTB], days to heading, days to maturity [DAYSMT], boosting to heading days [BTH], and grain filling duration [GFD]), plant stature (plant height, height up to spike base, and spike length [SpkLng]), flag leaf (flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and flag leaf area [FLGLFA]), and yield traits (thousand grain weight [TGW] and grain yield). A significant genotypic effect was observed for all traits in the single environment analysis. A genotype–environment interaction (GEI) was observed in the mixed‐effect model, except for FLGLFA in Season 2 and SpkLng in Season 3. Residual components of variation were found to increase under early planting for all studied traits due to exposure of genotypes to early heat and a prolonged growing period. A higher GEI was observed in dissected phenological events such as BTH and GFD. Among phenological traits, it was found that DTB, GFD, and DAYSMT were strongly supporting selection gain throughout all seasons under early planting. The genotypes with a more extended vegetative period and grain filling period tended to have higher grain yield and TGW under early planting. Core Ideas  Early planting was found to be beneficial for wheat improvement targeting the Indo‐Gangetic region.  A more extended phenological period supported higher vegetative growth and subsequently yielded.  Idiotype design is attributable through multi‐trait genotype‐idiotype distance index to get satisfactory genetic gain.  Selected stable genotypes can be used in variety release or further breeding program to support the early establishment of wheat in Indo‐Gangetic Plain.