IL‐4 blocks M‐CSF‐dependent macrophage proliferation by inducing p21 Waf1 in a STAT6‐dependent way

• Published in: European journal of immunology 2009-02, Vol.39 (2), p.514-526
• Main Authors: Arpa, Luis, Valledor, Annabel F., Lloberas, Jorge, Celada, Antonio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0014-2980; 1521-4141
• DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838283

Macrophages are recruited from the blood stream to the inflammatory loci to carry out their functional activities. In an early phase of the cell cycle, macrophages become activated by Th1‐type cytokines ( i.e . IFN‐γ), thereby producing several factors (cytokines, NO, etc. ) and developing pro‐inflammatory activities. When bacteria and apoptotic bodies are removed, through the interaction with Th2‐type cytokines ( i.e . IL‐4), macrophages become anti‐inflammatory and repair damaged tissues. Incubation of bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages with IFN‐γ or IL‐4 blocked their proliferation. While M‐CSF withdrawal caused cell cycle arrest at the early G 1 phase, treatment of macrophages with IFN‐γ or IL‐4 caused this arrest later, at the G 1 /S boundary. Proliferation arrest was not due to an induction of apoptosis. IFN‐γ and IL‐4 induced the expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 Waf1 . Using KO mice and iRNA experiments, we found that p21 Waf1 is required for IL‐4‐ but not for IFN‐γ‐dependent inhibition of macrophage proliferation. IL‐4 inhibited M‐CSF‐dependent Cdk‐2 and Cdk‐4 activities, which are necessary for entry and passage through the S phase of the cell cycle. The signal transduction used to induce the expression of p21 Waf1 after interaction of IL‐4 with the corresponding receptor was mediated by STAT6. Thus, IL‐4 and IFN‐γ blocked M‐CSF‐induced macrophage proliferation through distinct mechanisms.