Contactless Inline IV Measurement of Solar Cells Using an Empirical Model

• Published in: Solar RRL 2023-04, Vol.7 (8), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Kunze, Philipp, Greulich, Johannes M., Tummalieh, Ammar, Wirtz, Wiebke, Hoeffler, Hannes, Woehrle, Nico, Glunz, Stefan, Rein, Stefan, Demant, Matthias
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: characterization; contactless IV; deep learning; empirical model; inline; machine learning; solar cells
• ISSN: 2367-198X; 2367-198X
• DOI: 10.1002/solr.202200599

The current–voltage measurement is the most important measurement in solar cell quality control. As the contacting process of cells results in mechanical stress and consumes a significant amount of measurement time, this work presents an IV characterization based on contactless measurements only. An empirical model is introduced that can derive the full IV curve and IV parameters as the open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density, fill factor, and efficiency. As a basis, a series of photoluminescence and contactless electroluminescence images and spectral reflectance measurements are used. An advantage of the model's convolutional neural network design lies in the semantic compression of local image structures across the input data. Within an ablation study, it is shown that the empirical model is well suited to combine these data sources, which is the optimal input configuration for contactless IV derivation. The accuracy, e.g., with an error in efficiency of 0.035 % abs and correlation of over 99%, is similar to comparing two contacting IV measurement devices. The contactless IV curves also have a close fit to their contacted counterparts. Within simulations on module level, it is demonstrated that contactless binning performs as well as contacting binning and does not result in any additional mismatch loss. Herein, an empirical model for contactless IV measurement is developed. It is based on inline contactless measurement technique only. The empirical model can accurately derive the IV curve as well as IV parameters. It is shown that contactless binning, i.e., sorting cells in similar performance groups, at module level is as good as contacted binning.