Inhibition of Neutrophil Spreading during Adhesion to Fibronectin Reveals Formation of Long Tubulovesicular Cell Extensions (Cytonemes)

• Published in: Experimental cell research 2001-06, Vol.266 (2), p.222-228
• Main Authors: Galkina, Svetlana I., Sud'ina, Galina F., Ullrich, Volker
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan - pharmacology; Acetophenones - pharmacology; adhesion; Antibodies, Monoclonal - immunology; Cell Adhesion - drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Cytochalasin D - pharmacology; cytonemes; Ethylmaleimide - pharmacology; Fibronectins - metabolism; Humans; Integrins - immunology; L-Selectin - immunology; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; neutrophil; Neutrophils - drug effects; Neutrophils - physiology; Neutrophils - ultrastructure; Pseudopodia - ultrastructure; spreading; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate - pharmacology; thin filopodia; tubulovesicular extensions
• ISSN: 0014-4827; 1090-2422
• DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5227

Human neutrophils developed long thin tubulovesicular extensions (cytonemes) upon adhesion to fibronectin-coated substrata, when spreading was blocked. We observed extension formation when neutrophils were plated to fibronectin-coated substrata in Na+-free extracellular medium or in the presence of drugs capable of inhibiting spreading: 4-bromophenacyl bromide, N-ethylmaleimide, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, and cytochalasin D. Addition of Na+ ions or washing of inhibitors restored neutrophil spreading. Phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy revealed two types of extensions: (1) highly dynamic, flexible tubulovesicular extensions with unattached tips 0.2–0.4 μm in diameter, which can achieve 70–80 μm in length during 20 min, and (2) thinner straight extensions with flattened tips, which were formed in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and connected cells to substratum or to the neighboring cells several cell diameters away. The latter may have derived from the former through tension after attachment of the tips. Spreading and extension formation may represent two states of the cell adhesive and communicative mechanism.