How ‘Outlaws’ React: a Case Study on the Reactions to the Dutch Approach to Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs

• Published in: European journal on criminal policy and research 2024-01
• Main Authors: van Ruitenburg, Teun, van Deuren, Sjoukje, Roks, Robby
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0928-1371; 1572-9869
• DOI: 10.1007/s10610-023-09566-6

The impact of organized crime measures remains largely unknown. Moreover, for practical and ethical reasons, the perspectives of the individuals who are subjected to organized crime policies are often not included in research. Based on semi-structured interviews with 24 current members of the Dutch Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC), this study fills this knowledge gap by examining how HAMC members reacted to the multi-agency approach to outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) in the Netherlands. The results of this study illustrate that the reactions of HAMC members can be divided into four categories: (1) conforming, (2) adapting, (3) resisting, and (4) continuing. The analysis furthermore shows that a variety of different reactions to the OMCG approach coexist within the same club, charter, and even within the same individual member. These findings indicate that crime policies can spark different, sometimes contradicting reactions, within a group that from the outside appears to be a uniform and top-down coordinated organization. Future evaluation studies should take the multifaceted nature of reactions to crime policies into consideration.