Advanced theragnostics for the central nervous system (CNS) and neurological disorders using functional inorganic nanomaterials

• Published in: Advanced drug delivery reviews 2023-01, Vol.192, p.114636, Article 114636
• Main Authors: Conklin, Brandon, Conley, Brian M., Hou, Yannan, Chen, Meizi, Lee, Ki-Bum
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Central Nervous System; CNS injury; Humans; Multifunctional Inorganic nanomaterials; Nanostructures - chemistry; Nanostructures - therapeutic use; Neurodegenerative Diseases - diagnosis; Neurodegenerative Diseases - drug therapy; Neuroinflammation; Neurological disorders; Optogenetics; Theragnostics
• ISSN: 0169-409X; 1872-8294
• DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114636

[Display omitted] •Targeted, spatiotemporal, and biomimetic nanoparticles for therapeutic delivery.•Sensitive detection of molecules within the CNS with nanomaterial and nanoplatforms.•Studying cellular mechanisms via optogenetics by stimuli activatable nanomaterials.•Controlling stem cell fate into neurons and supporting cells of the CNS.•Nanomaterial-mediated intervention of neuroinflammation from injury and disease. Various types of inorganic nanomaterials are capable of diagnostic biomarker detection and the therapeutic delivery of a disease or inflammatory modulating agent. Those multi-functional nanomaterials have been utilized to treat neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) injuries in an effective and personalized manner. Even though many nanomaterials can deliver a payload and detect a biomarker of interest, only a few studies have yet to fully utilize this combined strategy to its full potential. Combining a nanomaterial's ability to facilitate targeted delivery, promote cellular proliferation and differentiation, and carry a large amount of material with various sensing approaches makes it possible to diagnose a patient selectively and sensitively while offering preventative measures or early disease-modifying strategies. By tuning the properties of an inorganic nanomaterial, the dimensionality, hydrophilicity, size, charge, shape, surface chemistry, and many other chemical and physical parameters, different types of cells in the central nervous system can be monitored, modulated, or further studies to elucidate underlying disease mechanisms. Scientists and clinicians have better understood the underlying processes of pathologies for many neurologically related diseases and injuries by implementing multi-dimensional 0D, 1D, and 2D theragnostic nanomaterials. The incorporation of nanomaterials has allowed scientists to better understand how to detect and treat these conditions at an early stage. To this end, having the multi-modal ability to both sense and treat ailments of the central nervous system can lead to favorable outcomes for patients suffering from such injuries and diseases.