Laser versus scalpel cleaning of crustose lichens on granite

• Published in: Applied surface science 2018-05, Vol.440, p.467-476
• Main Authors: Rivas, T., Pozo-Antonio, J.S., López de Silanes, M.E., Ramil, A., López, A.J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biodeterioration; Granite; Laser; Lichen; Scalpel; Stone cleaning
• ISSN: 0169-4332; 1873-5584
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.01.167

•Lichens were cleaned with a Nd:YVO4 laser at 355 nm.•Covering level of the thallus and colour influence on the laser cleaning effectiveness.•Laser caused mineral damages, mainly on biotite.•Laser achieved better cleaning of lichens than scalpel.•Scalpel followed by laser offered better results than these procedures alone.•Colour spectrophotometry cannot be used as a reliable tool to assess the cleaning effectiveness. This paper addresses the evaluation of the cleaning of crustose lichens developing on granite. The evaluation was performed considering the effectiveness of the cleanings and harmfulness exerted on the granite. The laser cleaning of lichen was compared with the most conventional procedure, scalpel. The combination of both procedures was also tested. The study, which was carried out with two different species of crustose lichen, was also focused on the influence of the intrinsic characteristics of the lichen on the effectiveness. The cleanings were evaluated by optic and electronic microscopies, FTIR and colour spectrophotometry. A previous characterization of the lichen and its interaction with the granite using those analytical techniques were also performed. The laser cleaning effectiveness depends on the coverage and the colour of the lichen; also, the prior mechanical weakening of the lichen by scalpel seemed to improve the laser cleaning. The darkest lichen was satisfactorily removed by laser and with the combined cleaning. Conversely, the lightest lichen was more difficult to extract with laser than the darkest lichen, being necessary to apply both methods sequentially. Despite laser and the combination of methods cleaned satisfactorily the surface, they were unable to eliminate the thalli into fissures.