Illegal bushmeat hunters compete with predators and threaten wild herbivore populations in a global tourism hotspot

• Published in: Biological conservation 2017-06, Vol.210, p.233-242
• Main Authors: Rogan, M.S., Lindsey, P.A., Tambling, C.J., Golabek, K.A., Chase, M.J., Collins, K., McNutt, J.W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anti-poaching; Community-based natural resource management; Poaching; Protected areas; Tourism
• ISSN: 0006-3207; 1873-2917
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.020

Illegal bushmeat hunting is a global threat to wildlife, but its secretive and unregulated nature undermines efforts to mitigate its impacts on wildlife and wildlife-based industries. We investigated the scale of illegal bushmeat hunting in the Okavango Delta, Botswana (~20,000km2) to assess its potential contribution to wildlife population declines. Approximately 1,800 illegal hunters each harvest an average of 320kg of bushmeat annually, though some reported harvesting≥1000kg. While impala were the most commonly hunted species, buffalo and greater kudu accounted for most bushmeat. Hunters remove ~620,000kg of medium-large herbivore biomass (equivalent to 15,500 impala) annually from the delta and humans are the fourth most prominent predator in the delta. Cumulative harvest by humans and other predators likely exceeds the intrinsic population growth rate of several species of ungulates in the delta, and helps explain purported declines in ungulate populations. Competition between humans and other apex predators for limited prey reduces the ecosystem's carrying capacity for large carnivores. Illegal bushmeat hunting represents an economically inefficient use of the delta's wildlife and a threat to the region's tourism industry. Strategies are required that provide clearer avenues for communities to benefit legally from wildlife, while concurrently curbing illegal hunting through effective law enforcement. •Between 1,500 and 2000 (best estimate=1,787) bushmeat hunters operate in the 20,000 km2 Okavango Delta, Botswana.•In spite of the protected status of the Okavango, humans remove 620,000 kg of herbivore biomass per annum.•Humans thus compete with large carnivores for food, lowering the ecosystem’s carrying capacity for large carnivores.•Bushmeat hunting threatens the Delta’s wildlife and tourism-based employment afforded to local communities.