Exploring local chlorine generation through seawater electrolysis to Extend optical sensor lifespan in marine environments

• Published in: Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) Switzerland : 1996), 2024-11, Vol.500, p.156836, Article 156836
• Main Authors: Matos, T., Pinto, V.C., Sousa, P.J., Martins, M.S., Fernández, E., Goncalves, L.M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biofouling; Chlorine; FTO; Oceanography; Optical sensors; Platinum nanoparticles, copper
• ISSN: 1385-8947
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.156836

[Display omitted] •Use of local chlorine generation to reduce biofouling in optical sensors.•FTO glass coated with platinum nanoparticles outperforms uncoated FTO anodes.•The Pt-FTO 540 μA probe enabled 65 days of continuous and biofouling-free monitoring.•Effectiveness of copper biocide in protecting sensor housings. Biofouling in marine optical sensors poses a significant challenge as it can compromise data accuracy and instrument functionality. This study investigates the effectiveness of local chlorine generation by seawater electrolysis in mitigating biological fouling and extending the operational lifespan of optical oceanographic instruments. Eight similar turbidity probes integrated with a local chlorine generation system, along with a turbidity probe constructed from ABS and another from PLA with copper filament, were developed for testing in the marine environment. The chlorine probes were designed into two groups: four utilizing standard FTO glass and four featuring FTO glass coated with platinum nanoparticles. Each set of probes employed different excitation currents for chlorine generation. All probes underwent laboratory calibration using formazine before deployment in a coastal environment for 97 days. The findings demonstrate a correlation with higher electrical power leading to prolonged operation intervals free from biofouling interference. Additionally, probes coated with platinum nanoparticles demonstrate higher performance in comparison to those with standard FTO glass. The copper probe did not effectively shield the optical transducers from microfouling, although it effectively demonstrated its efficacy in protecting the structural housing of the device. Overall, this work offers a compelling in situ demonstration of local chlorine generation as a promising strategy for enhancing the performance and longevity of optical oceanographic instruments in marine environments.