Unraveling the antimicrobial mechanisms and multifunctional performance of boron-doped glass coatings on dental zirconias

• Published in: Ceramics international 2024-12
• Main Authors: da Silva, Ana Carolina, de Freitas Gouveia Silva, Juliana, da Silva Rodrigues, Camila, Santos, Evelyn Luzia de Sousa, Junqueira, Juliana Campos, Campos, Tiago Moreira Bastos, Thim, Gilmar Patrocínio, Jodha, Kartikeya Singh, Marocho, Susana Maria Salazar, Griggs, Jason Alan, de Melo Marinho, Renata Marques
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biofilm; Glass; Mechanical test; Zirconia
• ISSN: 0272-8842
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.11.432

To evaluate the mechanical, antimicrobial, and optical properties of boron-doped soda-lime glass coatings on 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ zirconia. Disc-shaped specimens of 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ were divided into: as-sintered (3Y-C and 5Y-C), coated with commercial glaze (3Y-G and 5Y-G), with soda-lime glass (3Y-SL and 5Y-SL), and with silver-containing soda-lime glass (3Y-SLAg and 5Y-SLAg). Cytotoxicity (MTT assay), biaxial flexural strength (σB), X-ray diffraction (XRD), translucency (TP00), color difference (ΔE00), and roughness (Ra and Rz) were conducted. Biofilm formation was quantified by colony-forming units (CFU/mL) of C. albicans, S. sanguinis, and E. coli. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fractography were conducted. Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDS) was performed on SL and SLAg samples. Weibull modulus (m) and characteristic strength (σ0) for biaxial flexural strength (95 % CI) were calculated. All data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, and Dunn's method, while the CFU test was analyzed by one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). The experimental glasses did not induce cytotoxic effects. The flexural strength of 3Y-TZP groups showed highest values: 3Y-C(847.45 MPa); 3Y-G(843.22 MPa); 3Y-SL(806.41 MPa); 3Y-SLAg(769.04 MPa); 5Y-G(589.77 MPa); 5Y-SLAg (576.20 MPa); 5Y-C(479.44 MPa); 5Y-SL(474.00 MPa). Diffractograms showed tetragonal and cubic phases for all groups. Higher translucency values were observed for 5Y-PSZ groups, while for ΔE00 were similar. The SL and SLAg groups exhibited the lowest roughness values (Ra) for both zirconia. The 5Y-SL group exhibited antimicrobial effects against all tested microorganisms, while the 5Y-SLAg group showed antimicrobial effects against E. coli. Fractures originated at the zirconia surface, while for the 5Y-G group at the glaze layer. SEM micrographs revealed flower-shaped crystals for 3Y-SL, 5Y-SL and 5Y-SLAg groups. EDS identified zirconia in the crystal's composition. The 5Y-SL group exhibited a significant antimicrobial effect. This cytocompatible glass (5Y-SL) provided a superior antibiofilm effect compared to 5Y-SLAg. Moreover, the mechanical and optical properties of both 5Y-PSZ and 3Y-TZP zirconia were maintained. •5Y-SLAg showed the highest antimicrobial effect.•SL and SLAg held the mechanical and optical properties of both zirconias.