Applications of metal organic frameworks in dispersive micro solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE)

• Published in: Journal of Chromatography A 2024-09, Vol.1732, p.465192, Article 465192
• Main Authors: Bedair, Alaa, Abdelhameed, Reda M., Hammad, Sherin F., Abdallah, Inas A., Mansour, Fotouh R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: D-µ-SPE; Dispersive micro solid phase extraction; Metal organic frameworks; MOF; Porous materials
• ISSN: 0021-9673
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465192

•MOFs are highly porous crystalline material with impressively high surface area and variable shapes and sizes.•D-µ-SPE is a miniaturized form of D-SPE in which a few milligrams of sorbents are employed.•Dispersion in D-µ-SPE increases contact between sorbents and analytes to enhance efficiency.•Application of MOFs in D-µ-SPE improves extraction efficiency of the desired analytes from complex matrices.•MOFs have been used in D-µ-SPE of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, organic dyes and metals from various samples. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a fascinating family of crystalline porous materials made up of metal clusters and organic linkers. In comparison with other porous materials, MOFs have unique characteristics including high surface area, homogeneous open cavities, and permanent high porosity with variable shapes and sizes. For these reasons, MOFs have recently been explored as sorbents in sample preparation by solid-phase extraction (SPE). However, SPE requires large amounts of sorbents and suffers from limited contact surfaces with analytes, which compromises extraction recovery and efficiency. Dispersive SPE (D-SPE) overcomes these limitations by dispersing the sorbents into the sample, which in turn increases contact with the analytes. Miniaturization of the microextraction procedure, particularly the amount of sorbent reduces the amount consumed of the organic solvent and shorten the time required to attain the equilibrium state. This may explain the reported high efficiency and applicability of MOFs in dispersive micro SPE (D-µ-SPE). This method retains all the advantages of solid phase extraction while also being simpler, faster, cheaper, and, in some cases, more effective in comparison with D-SPE. Besides, D-µ-SPE requires smaller amounts of the sorbents which reduces the overall cost, and the amount of waste generated from the analytical process. In this review, we discuss the applications of MOFs in D-µ-SPE of various analytes including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, organic dyes from miscellaneous matrices including water samples, biological samples and food samples.