Gravitational effects on liquefaction systems for Lunar and Mars exploration

• Published in: Cryogenics (Guildford) 2022-12, Vol.128, p.103597, Article 103597
• Main Authors: Balasubramaniam, R., Kashani, A., Grotenrath, R., Johnson, W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0011-2275; 1879-2235
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2022.103597

•Simplified model of broad area cooling of the outer surface of a cryogenic tank has been pursued.•Liquefaction rate is limited by the capability of the cryocooler used to remove heat from the tank via a coolant loop.•Gravity level on Earth, Moon or Mars, and the physics of condensation within the tank have practically no influence on rate of heat transfer. There is interest at NASA, other space agencies, and industry, in the liquefaction of fluids produced through in-situ processes on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars. A multi-center team at NASA recently considered multiple different refrigeration cycles and refrigeration integration methodologies and how these might fit into early liquefaction plants for NASA's exploration initiatives and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). The rate of liquefaction for ISRU is quite slow in comparison to large scale terrestrial applications. These studies concluded that, for both structural and heat spreading reasons, integrating the refrigeration tubing on the surface of the storage tank wall is an attractive path to pursue in the near term. In order to develop a technology development path and inform investors, it was desired to investigate the sensitivity of gravity of the processes involved. An analysis of the condensation processes within the tank is performed. The objective is to determine the sensitivity of liquefaction to gravitational effects. The heat transfer mechanisms include forced convection heat removal to the refrigeration system (or cryocooler), conduction through the tank wall heat exchanger, and convection and condensation on the inner tank wall. Gravity affects the liquefaction process via condensate liquid drainage, natural convection in the ullage, and the shape of the liquid–vapor interface within the tank. Analysis of these mechanisms shows that while there is some sensitivity to gravitational level in general, within the bounds of current interest (rate of liquefaction appropriate to Lunar and Martian applications, and cooling capacity of the cryocooler), this sensitivity of liquefaction to gravity is quite small. Thus, system level testing on the Earth should suffice for the performance prediction and demonstration of liquefaction operations as applicable to Lunar and Martian applications.