Effects of golf course construction and operation on water chemistry of headwater streams on the Precambrian Shield

To investigate the effects of golf course construction and operation on the water chemistry of Shield streams, we compared the water chemistry in streams draining golf courses under construction (2) and in operation (5) to streams in forested reference locations and to upstream sites where available...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental pollution (1987) 2005, Vol.133 (2), p.243-253
Main Authors: Winter, Jennifer G., Dillon, Peter J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
anthropogenic activities
Applied sciences
Best management practices
Calcium - analysis
Chlorides - analysis
Conservation of Natural Resources
Construction
Continental surface waters
Earth sciences
Earth, ocean, space
Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics
Environment Design
Exact sciences and technology
Geologic Sediments - chemistry
Golf
Golf courses
hydrochemistry
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Mercury - analysis
Natural water pollution
Nitrates - analysis
Nitrogen - analysis
Ontario
Phosphorus - analysis
Pollution
Pollution, environment geology
ponds
Potassium - analysis
Precambrian Shield
Rivers - chemistry
runoff
Sodium - analysis
streams
Water - chemistry
Water Pollutants - analysis
water pollution
Water quality
Water treatment and pollution
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Summary:To investigate the effects of golf course construction and operation on the water chemistry of Shield streams, we compared the water chemistry in streams draining golf courses under construction (2) and in operation (5) to streams in forested reference locations and to upstream sites where available. Streams were more alkaline and higher in base cation and nitrate concentrations downstream of operational golf courses. Levels of these parameters and total phosphorus increased over time in several streams during golf course construction through to operation. There was evidence of inputs of mercury to streams on two of the operational courses. Nutrient (phosphorus and nitrogen) concentrations were significantly related to the area of unmanaged vegetation in a 30 × 30 m area on either side of the sampling sites, and to River Bank Quality Index scores, suggesting that maintaining vegetated buffers along the stream on golf courses will reduce in-stream nutrient concentrations. Golf course construction and operation had a significant impact on alkalinity, nitrogen and base cation concentrations of streams.
ISSN:0269-7491
1873-6424
DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.037