Long-term trends in mortality risk associated with short-term exposure to air pollution in 10 Japanese cities between 1977 and 2015

• Published in: Environmental research 2023-02, Vol.219, p.115108, Article 115108
• Main Authors: Nishikawa, Hironori, Seposo, Xerxes Tesoro, Madaniyazi, Lina, Kim, Yoonhee, Tobías, Aurelio, Yamagami, Makiko, Kim, Satbyul Estella, Takami, Akinori, Sugata, Seiji, Honda, Yasushi, Ueda, Kayo, Hashizume, Masahiro, Ng, Chris Fook Sheng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air Pollutants - analysis; Air Pollutants - toxicity; Air pollution; Air Pollution - adverse effects; Air Pollution - analysis; Cities - epidemiology; Daily mortality; Environmental Exposure - adverse effects; Environmental Exposure - analysis; Environmental Pollutants - analysis; Environmental Pollutants - toxicity; Humans; Japan - epidemiology; Long-term trend; Mortality - trends; Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis; Nitrogen Dioxide - toxicity; Particulate Matter - analysis; Particulate Matter - toxicity; Risk Assessment; Sulfur Dioxide - analysis; Sulfur Dioxide - toxicity; Time-varying effects
• ISSN: 0013-9351; 1096-0953
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115108

Short-term associations between air pollution and mortality have been well reported in Japan, but the historical changes in mortality risk remain unknown. We examined temporal changes in the mortality risks associated with short-term exposure to four criteria air pollutants in selected Japanese cities. We collected daily mortality data for non-accidental causes (n = 5,748,206), cardiovascular (n = 1,938,743) and respiratory diseases (n = 777,266), and air pollutants (sulfur dioxide [SO2], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], suspended particulate matter [SPM], and oxidants [Ox]) in 10 cities from 1977 to 2015. We performed two-stage analysis with 5-year stratification to estimate the relative risk (RR) of mortality per 10-unit increase in the 2-day moving average of air pollutant concentrations. In the first stage, city-specific associations were assessed using a quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model. In the second stage, city-specific estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Linear trend and ratio of relative risks (RRR) were computed to examine temporal changes. When stratifying the analysis by every 5 years, average concentrations in each sub-period decreased for SO2, NO2, and SPM (14.2–2.3 ppb, 29.4–17.5 ppb, 52.1–20.6 μg/m3, respectively) but increased for Ox (29.1–39.1 ppb) over the study period. We found evidence of a negative linear trend in the risk of cardiovascular mortality associated with SPM across sub-periods. However, the risks of non-accidental and respiratory mortality per 10-unit increase in SPM concentration were significantly higher in the most recent period than in the earliest period. Other gaseous pollutants did not show such temporal risk change. The risks posed by these pollutants were slightly to moderately heterogeneous in the different cities. The mortality risks associated with short-term exposure to SPM changed, with different trends by cause of death, in 10 cities over 39 years whereas the risks for other gaseous pollutants were relatively stable. [Display omitted] •Daily mortality risk related to air pollution was assessed in 10 Japanese cities.•Concentrations decreased for SO2, NO2, and SPM, but increased for Ox for 1977–2015.•A downward trend was found for cardiovascular mortality risk associated with SPM.•Non-accidental and respiratory mortality risk with SPM became greater recently.•Other gaseous pollutants indicated either decrease or non-significant risk change.