Scheduling of battery energy storages in the joint energy and reserve markets based on the static frequency of power system

• Published in: Journal of energy storage 2022-05, Vol.49, p.104115, Article 104115
• Main Authors: Khojasteh, Meysam, Faria, Pedro, Vale, Zita
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ancillary service; Battery energy storage; Primary frequency control; Rate of change of frequency; Secondary frequency control
• ISSN: 2352-152X; 2352-1538
• DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104115

•A security-based model is proposed for the scheduling of BES in the joint energy and reserve markets.•The coupling between the security and energy management problems is analyzed.•The pre and post contingency intervals are modeled.•The frequency excursion and rate of change of frequency are considered as constraints of optimization problem. By using the battery energy storage (BES) as a fast, reliable, and controllable resource, the system operator can compensate for power mismatches via changing the generation and consumption in discharging and charging modes. However, BES could decrease the inertia of the grid and endanger the security of the system. Therefore, system operators require a scheduling model that takes into account both security and economic issues. This paper presents a linear model for the optimal scheduling of synchronous generators and BESs in the joint energy and reserve markets, based on the constraints of primary and secondary frequency services. In the proposed model, the technical limitations of synchronous generators and BESs, the frequency limitation of the grid, rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) of generators, and the RoCoF of the grid are considered as constraints of the optimization problem. Accordingly, the optimal scheduling of the resources is determined in a way that ensures the security criteria of the system are not violated after the contingency. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by four case studies. Simulation results show that increasing the battery capacity by 4.68% of the total capacity of the system reduces the total frequency reserves, and total costs of the system by 13.21 and 2.96%, respectively. Consequently, system operators can reduce total operating costs and provide adequate security by deploying BESs.