Dynamical evolution of the Uranian satellite system I

• Published in: Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962) N.Y. 1962), 2024-12, Vol.424, p.116282, Article 116282
• Main Authors: Gomes, Sérgio R.A., Correia, Alexandre C.M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Natural satellite dynamics; Spin–orbit resonances; Tides; Uranian satellites; Uranus
• ISSN: 0019-1035
• DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116282

Mutual gravitational interactions between the five major Uranian satellites raise small quasi-periodic fluctuations on their orbital elements. At the same time, tidal interactions between the satellites and the planet induce a slow outward drift of the orbits, while damping the eccentricities and the inclinations. In this paper, we revisit the current and near past evolution of this system using a N−body integrator, including spin evolution and tidal dissipation with the weak friction model. We update the secular eigenmodes of the system and show that it is unlikely that any of the main satellites were recently captured into a high obliquity Cassini state. We rather expect that the Uranian satellites are in a low obliquity Cassini state and compute their values. We also estimate the current variations in the eccentricities and inclinations, and show that they are not fully damped. We constrain the modified quality factor of Uranus to be QU′=(1.2±0.4)×105, and that of Ariel to be QA′=(7±3)×104. We find that the system most likely encountered the 5/3 mean motion resonance between Ariel and Umbriel in the past, at about (0.7±0.2) Gyr ago. We additionally determine the eccentricities and inclinations of all satellites just after the resonance passage that comply with the current system. We finally show that, from the crossing of the 5/3 MMR to the present, the evolution of the system is mostly peaceful and dominated by tides raised on Uranus by the satellites. •We show that it is unlikely that any of the main satellites were recently captured into a high obliquity Cassini state.•We expect that the obliquities of the Uranian satellites are in a low obliquity Cassini state and compute their values.•We show that the current eccentricities of the satellites are not yet fully damped.•We constrain the modified quality factor of Uranus to be QU′=(1.2±0.4)×105.•We estimate the modified quality factor of Ariel to be QA′=(7±3)×104.•We find that the system most likely encountered the 5/3 mean motion resonance between Ariel and Umbriel in the past, at about (0.7±0.2) Gyr ago.•We determine the eccentricities and inclinations of all satellites just after the resonance passage that comply with the current system.•We show that, from the crossing of the 5/3 MMR to the present, the system is not captured in any three-body mean motion resonance and dominated by tides raised on Uranus by the satellites.