Nanosheets-incorporated bio-composites containing natural and synthetic polymers/ceramics for bone tissue engineering

• Published in: International journal of biological macromolecules 2020-12, Vol.164, p.1960-1972
• Main Authors: Adithya, S. Pranav, Sidharthan, D. Saleth, Abhinandan, R., Balagangadharan, K., Selvamurugan, N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Biocompatible Materials - chemistry; Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology; Bone and Bones - drug effects; Bone Regeneration - drug effects; Bone tissue engineering; Ceramics - chemistry; Ceramics - pharmacology; Chitosan; Gelatin; Humans; Nanosheets; Nanostructures - chemistry; Osteoblast; Osteogenesis - drug effects; Polymers - chemistry; Polymers - pharmacology; Tissue Engineering - methods; Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry
• ISSN: 0141-8130; 1879-0003
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.053

Bone is a highly integrative and dynamic tissue of the human body that is regularly modeled and remodeled by bone cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. When a fraction of a bone is damaged or deformed, stem cells and bone cells under the influence of several signaling pathways regulate bone regeneration at the particular locale, but in a dilatory manner. To overcome this problem, the field of bone tissue engineering (BTE) utilizes various bio-composite scaffolds that incorporate cells and appropriate growth factors to promote osteogenesis. Nanosheets are in two-dimensional (2D)-atomic structures, and metallic and non-metallic nanosheets play a keen role in biomedical applications, including BTE. Due to their intrinsic mechanical properties such as durability and flexibility, nanosheets strengthen the bio-composite scaffolds containing natural polymers (chitosan, gelatin, and collagen), synthetic polymers, bio-ceramics, and bio-glasses. Incorporating nanosheets into bio-composites promotes the bio-functionality of the cells, such as cell adhesion and osteoblast differentiation. Hence, this review was aimed to provide a detailed study on the nanosheets-incorporated bio-composites and their properties for BTE applications. [Display omitted] •When bone is damaged, stem cells and bone cells regulate bone regeneration.•Bone tissue engineering (BTE) utilizes bio-composites to promote osteogenesis.•Nanosheets due to their intrinsic mechanical properties play a keen role in BTE.•Nanosheets strengthen bio-composites containing polymers and bio-ceramics.•They also promote cell adhesion and osteoblast differentiation.