Effects of the substitution in the two sites on barium titanate properties

• Published in: Inorganic chemistry communications 2025-02, Vol.172, p.113675, Article 113675
• Main Authors: Rached, A., Wederni, M.A., Alaya, S., Martín-Palma, R.J., Khirouni, K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Curie transition; Electric properties; Ferroelectric ceramic; FTIR analysis; Optical absorbance; Photoluminescence; Solid–solid reaction
• ISSN: 1387-7003
• DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113675

[Display omitted] •Ba0.9Er0.1/3Ca0.2/3Ti0.92Sn0.08O3 is prepared by the solid state reaction method.•The effect of Ca and Er incorporation in Ba site on structural, optical and electrical properties is elucidated.•Band gap of Ba0.9Er0.1/3Ca0.2/3Ti0.92Sn0.08O3 is calculated from absorption and emission spectra.•The effect of triple doping on the electrical conduction process is explored. Barium titanate compound has been studied given their many interesting physico-chemical properties, including their dielectric and ferroelectric behavior. Besides, the introduction of different elements in the barium titanate matrix increases the number of applications in which these compounds can be used. Within this context, in the present work we investigated the effect of doping barium titanate with alkali ions (Ca) and rare earth ions (Er) in Ba sites and by tin ions in Ti sites. The synthesized compound, termed BETS-Ca, was prepared via a solid–solid reaction technique. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the material has a tetragonal symmetry structure. Scanning electron microscopy analysis allowed to identify a dense microstructure with the existence of both grain and grain boundaries. Moreover, optical absorbance and infrared spectra indicated the incorporation of doping elements such as erbium and tin. Additionally, the electric and dielectric properties of the compounds were investigated. AC conductivity analysis suggested that conduction is governed by correlated barriers hopping and non overlapping small polaron tunneling processes. Nyquist plot showed the contribution of both grain and grain boundaries to the conduction. Finally, a ferroelectric-paraelectric transition was found around a specific temperature (TC = 360 K). According to the Curie-Weiss law, this transition has a diffusive character.