Factors associated with depressive symptoms among 18-year-old boys: a prospective 10-year follow-up study

• Published in: Journal of affective disorders 2004-12, Vol.83 (2), p.143-154
• Main Authors: Haavisto, Antti, Sourander, Andre, Multimäki, Petteri, Parkkola, Kai, Santalahti, Päivi, Helenius, Hans, Nikalakaros, Georgios, Kumpulainen, Kirsti, Moilanen, Irma, Piha, Jorma, Aronen, Eeva, Puura, Kaija, Linna, Sirkka-Liisa, Almqvist, Fredrik
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Biological and medical sciences; Child; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Depression - diagnosis; Depression - epidemiology; Depression - psychology; Depressive symptoms; Educational Status; Epidemiology; Family Relations; Finland - epidemiology; Follow-up; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Mood disorders; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Risk Factors; Socialization; Street Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders - diagnosis; Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology; Substance-Related Disorders - psychology
• ISSN: 0165-0327
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.06.008

The aim is to study associative and predictive factors for self-reported depressive symptoms among 18-year-old boys. The participants in this community-based 10-year follow-up study consisted of 2348 boys born during 1981. At baseline, three informant sources were used: parents, teachers, and the children themselves. At follow-up, self-report questionnaires were used to study boys' family factors, life events, adaptive functioning, and substance use. Depressive symptoms at age 18 were established using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). Poor adaptive functioning within family and in education, having fewer than two close friends, somatic health problems, and using illicit drugs were all independently associated with a high level of depressive symptoms in the cross-sectional data at age 18. Self-reported depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Inventory, CDI) at age 8 independently predicted an increased number of depressive symptoms 10 years later. Only self-reported questionnaires were used at follow-up. The high association between depressive symptoms at age 8 and at age 18 gives grounds for paying special attention to children's own intimations of distress already in the early school years. Using self-report screening questionnaires in school health care may help identify children's depressive symptoms.