Optimized and nonTi-site doped synthesis of lithium titanate by mechanochemical method

• Published in: Materials research bulletin 2025-01, Vol.181, p.113124, Article 113124
• Main Authors: Lin, Daoyong, Liu, Zhifu, Li, Da, Zhao, Jinjun, Liu, Yue, Cao, Lei, Ma, Guanxiang, Zhao, Wei
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Doping modification; Interface reaction; Li4Ti5O12; Mechanochemical method
• ISSN: 0025-5408
• DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2024.113124

•The Li2CO3-ammonia-ballmilling synthesis system of LTO was optimized and expounded in detail.•Both Mg doping and F doping would be advantaged to prepare the LTO samples with higher crystallinity, smaller particle size and uniform morphology.•The initial first discharged capability of LTO-Mg and LTO-F reach to 152.4 mAh/g and 163.1 mAh/g at 5 C respectively. The Li2CO3-ammonia-ballmilling synthesis system of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) was optimized and doped Li and O by theirs adjacent elements Mg and F respectively. By adjusting the ballmilling parameter, the distribution of Li and Ti sources, the hydrolysis rate and different nucleophilic / electrophilic hydrolysis path of Ti, and the interaction between Li and Ti species can be effectively controlled. The temperature programmed calcination is beneficial to the formation of the middle state (Li2TiO3), obtaining the high quality LTO. Mg and F doping can further optimize the hydrolysis and condensation degree of Ti source, the number of crystal nucleus and the particle size. Therefore, the initial first discharged capability of Mg doped LTO and F doped LTO reach to 152.4 mAh/g and 163.1 mAh/g at 5 C respectively, corresponding 32.4 % and 41.7 % enhancing compared to LTO (115.1 mAh/g). Moreover, the discharge voltage of LTO-Mg decreases from 1.5 V to 1.3 V. [Display omitted]