Application of natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of plasticizers in laying hen and goat feed

• Published in: Microchemical journal 2023-10, Vol.193, p.109072, Article 109072
• Main Authors: Santana-Mayor, Álvaro, Socas-Rodríguez, Bárbara, Rodríguez-Ramos, Ruth, Herrera-Herrera, Antonio V., Rodríguez-Delgado, Miguel Ángel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Deep eutectic solvent; Goat feed; Hen feed; Liquid chromatography; Phthalate; Ultrasound-assisted extraction
• ISSN: 0026-265X; 1095-9149
• DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.109072

[Display omitted] •Hydrophilic NADES were evaluated for the UAE of plasticizers from animal feeding.•Choline chloride- and betaine-based NADESs were tested as extraction solvents. Recovery values in the range 64–138% and LOQs of 0.963–29.1 μg/kg were obtained.•Six animal feeding samples were analysed finding 3 plasticisers in most of them.•Risk assessment shows exposure to the xenobiotics analyzed of 0.19–5.88 µg/kg bw·day. The aim of this study was to develop an ultrasound-assisted extraction based on natural deep eutectic solvents for the analysis of 10 phthalate esters and one adipate in feed for laying hens and goats. For this purpose, 13 different mixtures consisting of choline chloride or betaine with glycerol, lactic acid, propane-1,2-diol, d-(–)-fructose, or butyric acid were tested. For the separation and determination of the target endocrine disruptors, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system hyphenated with a quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer was used. Once the method was validated in terms of matrix effect, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9950), recovery (64–138%), and limits of quantification (≤29.1 µg/kg), it was applied for the analysis of 6 feed samples and di-n-butyl phthalate, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate were detected (3.26 to 71.57 µg/kg). Finally, the estimated daily intake was determined (0.19–5.88 µg/kg body weight day) to evaluate the potential health hazards associated with feed samples. Additional research is crucial to ensure the safety and well-being of animals as well as derived products intended for human nutrition due to the lack of regulations and established toxicological reference values in the field. This is the first application analysing phthalic acid esters in these samples and the first application of deep eutectic solvents for feed analysis.