Nanoparticles: Mechanism of biosynthesis using plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, and their applications

[Display omitted] •NPs are synthesized by following two dominant approaches (the bottom-up approach and top-down approach).•NPs synthesized from plants are more stable.•Bacteria synthesize NPs via two pathways Intracellular pathway and extracellular pathway.•The redox enzymes in fungi are ACCases, N...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of molecular liquids 2021-07, Vol.334, p.116040, Article 116040
Main Authors: Qamar, Safi Ur Rehman, Ahmad, Jam Nazeer
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antimicrobial application
Chemical composition
Green synthesis
Medical applications
Nanoparticles
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Summary:[Display omitted] •NPs are synthesized by following two dominant approaches (the bottom-up approach and top-down approach).•NPs synthesized from plants are more stable.•Bacteria synthesize NPs via two pathways Intracellular pathway and extracellular pathway.•The redox enzymes in fungi are ACCases, NADH, NADPH and peroxidases which convert metallic ion to NPs. The synthesis of eco-friendly nanoparticles (NPs) is a crucial step in nanotechnology. In recent years, to avoid environmental contamination, many efforts have been made many efforts are made to develop green methods for this purpose. For this reason, natural resources including plant extract, fungi and bacteria have been used to synthesize NPs. Plant extract contains active compounds of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and vitamins that act as capping and reducing agents. The size, shape and applications of NPs are determined by the source from which they are manufactured. While active compounds of bacteria and fungi are intracellular enzymes, sugar molecules, canonical membrane proteins, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) dependent enzymes play a crucial part as reducing agents. The characterization of NPs can be done by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Crystallography (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Visible spectroscopy. This review paper elaborates major natural resources with detailed mechanisms involved in NPs synthesis and their few applications in biomedical science, life science and electronics.
ISSN:0167-7322
1873-3166
DOI:10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116040