3,4,5-trinitro-1H-pyrazol-1-amine: A promising explosive alternative with high performance and low sensitivity

• Published in: Journal of molecular structure 2022-02, Vol.1250, p.131838, Article 131838
• Main Authors: Dong, Wenshuai, Cao, Wenli, Hu, Yong, Zhang, Chao, Bi, Yufan, Lu, Zujia, Wang, Tingwei, Zhang, Jianguo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3,4,5-trinitro-1H-pyrazol-1-amine; Crystal structure; Energetic materials; Good performances; Intermolecular interactions; Low sensitivities
• ISSN: 0022-2860; 1872-8014
• DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131838

•In this work, 3,4,5-trinitro-1H-pyrazol-1-amine (ATNP) was synthesized by a mild method with yield 57.3%, this method featured in time-saving, simple and concise operation, using a bench-stable, commercially available and safe starting materials.•Amino as an energetic functional group has higher energy performance than methyl or methylene as bridging.•ATNP exhibits remarkable detonation performance (VD = 9271 m•s−1, p = 38.5 GPa) and extremely low impact sensitivity (30 J) and friction sensitivity (120 N).•Amino can form intramolecular hydrogen bonds with adjacent nitro group to construct a structure similar to a six-membered ring, and form a conjugated structure with pyrazole ring, which increases molecular stability and reduces sensitivity.•The present study contributes to the N-substitution of polynitropyrazoles system and provides a new insight in the design and synthesis of new energetic materials. A promising high-energy compound 3,4,5-trinitro-1H-pyrazol-1-amine (ATNP) with good performances, was synthesized by a mild method. The FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, MS, elemental analysis, X-ray single crystal diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric-differential (TG-DTG) analysis techniques were employed to characterize the structure and thermal stability of ATNP. Hirshfeld surfaces and non-covalent interactions were used to examine the intermolecular interactions of ATNP. The results indicate that hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions are responsible for the high density and excellent properties. Additionally, the non-isothermal kinetic parameters and thermodynamic parameters were calculated by utilizing the Kissinger's and Ozawa-Doyle's methods. The enthalpiy of formation for ATNP was calculated, and their sensitivities to mechanical impact and friction were tested according to BAM method. The energetic properties of ATNP were determined using EXPLO5 program. ATNP exhibits high density (1.836 g·cm−3), good thermal stability (Td: 233 °C), impressive detonation performance (VD = 9271 m·s− 1, P = 38.5 GPa), as well as low sensitivities (IS = 30 J, FS = 120 N). ATNP is a potential candidate for application in the field of insensitive high-energy materials. [Display omitted]