Ultra-broadband and ultra-high conversion efficiency difference frequency generation in a dual-layer thin-film LiNbO3 waveguide with reversed ferroelectric domain orientations

• Published in: Optics and laser technology 2024-08, Vol.175, p.110823, Article 110823
• Main Authors: Xia, Yi-Jie, Jia, Run-Ze, Yang, Yu-Jing, Zhang, De-Long, Liu, Jia-Min, Sun, Wen-Bao
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Dual-layer waveguide structure; LiNbO3 on insulator (LNOI); Mid-infrared difference frequency generator; Reversed poled LNOI waveguide layers
• ISSN: 0030-3992; 1879-2545
• DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.110823

•Mid-IR DFG based on mode phase match in a dual-layer LiNbO3 waveguide is modeled.•The device shows excellent performance of ultra-high efficiency and ultra-broad band.•It is due to two reversed ferroelectric domain orientations in the dual-layer waveguide.•The reversed domain orientations enable to enhance nonlinear interaction and efficiency.•Present work offers a universal strategy towards more efficient on-chip nonlinear devices. Although there is a great breakthrough in second harmonic generation based on the birefringence and quasi phase matching (QPM) concepts, the development of an efficient difference frequency generation (DFG) based on modal phase matching (MPM) is still in its infancy at present. In this paper, we propose an ultra-broadband and ultra-high conversion efficiency mid-infrared DFG on the basis of MPM in a dual-layer waveguide consisting of two reversed poled LiNbO3 thin-films on sapphire. The ultra-high conversion efficiency is ascribed to significantly enhanced nonlinear interaction realized by making use of spatial profile of optical nonlinearity of LN crystal produced by two reversed ferroelectric domain orientations in the dual-layer waveguide. The proposed DFG device has been modeled on the basis of a 0.98 μm pump wave and a 1.34–1.44 μm signal wave, the frequency difference of which generates a mid-infrared idler wave centered at 3.32 μm wavelength. The results show that the device exhibits excellent DFG performance, including an ultra-high nonlinear conversion efficiency 434.6 % W−1 cm−2 and an ultra-broad tuning band 340 nm meanwhile, which far exceed the performance of conventional MPM devices, even the QPM ones.