Real-world emission factors for Caterpillar 797B heavy haulers during mining operations

• Published in: Particuology 2016-10, Vol.28 (5), p.22-30
• Main Authors: Wang, Xiaoliang, Chow, Judith C., Kohl, Steven D., Percy, Kevin E., Legge, Allan H., Watson, John G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Emission; Heavy hauler; Mining; Nonroad; Oil sands; Portable emissions measurement system
• ISSN: 1674-2001; 2210-4291
• DOI: 10.1016/j.partic.2015.07.001

Real-world fuel-based emission factors （EFs） from Caterpillar 797B diesel heavy haulers when used for oil sands mining operations were measured using an on-hoard portable emissions monitoring system. Average EFs （in g/kg fuel） for 16 separate tests on four trucks were 3150 ± 4 for CO2, 2.51 ± 1.30 for CH4, 10.28 ± 3.21 for CO, 0.61 ± 0.32 for non-methane hydrocarbons, 55.49 ± 9,75 for NOx （reported as NO2）, 0.70 ± 0.17 for PM2.s （mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter 〈2.5 μm）, and 0.34 ± 0.05 for black carbon （BC）. Ultrafine particle numbers averaged （4.7 ± 4.1 ） × 10^15 particleslkg fuel. Fuel-based EFs of NO, NO2, and particle numbers were higher during idling, whereas PM2.5 and BC EFs were higher during traveling without a load. A comparison of emissions with those reported by oil sands facilities showed large variations, both among the facilities and between the reported emissions and the real-world measurements.