2 - μ m lasers with fluoride crystals: Research and development

In the present work we present a review of the 2 μ m laser based on fluoride crystals. We will provide a brief description of the theoretical aspects of rare earth ions embedded in insulating crystals, with particular attention to the advantages in using fluoride single crystals and the growth techn...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Progress in quantum electronics 2009-03, Vol.33 (2), p.61-109
Main Authors: Cornacchia, F., Toncelli, A., Tonelli, M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biological and medical applications
Diode-pumped lasers
Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
Exact sciences and technology
Fluorescence and luminescence
Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications)
Laser materials
Laser spectroscopy
Lasers
Optical materials
Optics
Physics
Rare earth doped materials
Solid-state laser
Spectroscopy
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Summary:In the present work we present a review of the 2 μ m laser based on fluoride crystals. We will provide a brief description of the theoretical aspects of rare earth ions embedded in insulating crystals, with particular attention to the advantages in using fluoride single crystals and the growth technique. The core article is represented by an overall survey of the laser and spectroscopic properties: Sections 4 and 6 will present the spectroscopic properties of the Tm,Ho and Tm, respectively, explained in the frame of the rate equation formalism and we will report a summary of the literature results. Finally Sections 5 and 7 will describe the state-of-the-art for the two systems.
ISSN:0079-6727
1873-1627
DOI:10.1016/j.pquantelec.2009.04.001