Discrimination of gallbladder stone employing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)

[Display omitted] •Compositional analysis of gallstone samples has been analysed using LIBS and PAS.•Molecular signatures of CaO Orange band, CN Violet band, and C2 Swan band are confirmed in LIBS spectra alongwith elemental signature.•Pigment gallstone to be more rigid than mixed gallstone is confi...

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Published in:Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 2021-11, Vol.260, p.119948, Article 119948
Main Authors: Gazali, Zainab, Kumar, Rohit, Rai, Pradeep K., Rai, Pramod K., Rai, Awadhesh K., Thakur, Surya N.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Gallstone
LIBS
PAS
PCA
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Summary:[Display omitted] •Compositional analysis of gallstone samples has been analysed using LIBS and PAS.•Molecular signatures of CaO Orange band, CN Violet band, and C2 Swan band are confirmed in LIBS spectra alongwith elemental signature.•Pigment gallstone to be more rigid than mixed gallstone is confirmed by LIBS.•Classification of gallstone was done by PCA on the LIBS data.•Presence of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, bile acid, bilirubin, and fatty acid are confirmed by PAS. Compositional analysis of gallstone samples has been carried out, using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS). Classification of gallstone has been made on the basis of intensities of the inorganic and organic constituents present in the LIBS spectra. A regression plot is drawn between LIBS spectral intensities of organic & inorganic elements and the stoichiometric ratio of Cholesterol, Bilirubin and Calcium Carbonate. Atomic lines of various elements, as well as molecular signatures of CaO Orange band, CN Violet band, and C2 Swan band, are observed in LIBS spectra. The relative hardness of gallstones is estimated from the intensity ratio of ionic to neutral atomic lines of the species observed in LIBS spectra. PAS is used for detecting molecular constituents in the gallstones. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is performed for the discrimination of gallstones. It is found that PAS data, in combination with LIBS provide a suitable method for the compositional analysis of gallstones.
ISSN:1386-1425
DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2021.119948