Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques

• Published in: TrAC, Trends in analytical chemistry (Regular ed.) Trends in analytical chemistry (Regular ed.), 2015-11, Vol.73, p.19-38
• Main Authors: Płotka-Wasylka, Justyna, Szczepańska, Natalia, de la Guardia, Miguel, Namieśnik, Jacek
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Dispersive solid-phase extraction; Green analytical chemistry; Immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction; Magnetic solid-phase extraction; Microextraction in a packed syringe; Miniaturized solid-phase extraction; Molecularly-imprinted solid-phase extraction; Solid-phase extraction; Solid-phase microextraction; Stir-bar sorptive extraction
• ISSN: 0165-9936; 1879-3142
• DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.026

•The milestones in development of the solid-phase extraction technique.•Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques.•Advantages and drawbacks of solid-phase-based extraction techniques. More than 80% of analysis time is spent on sample collection and sample preparation, so sample preparation is a critical part of the analytical process. Traditionally, liquid-liquid extraction was developed and employed to screen for general unknowns. However, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is becoming highly popular as an alternative, due to its simplicity and economy in terms of time and solvent. This review summarizes the current state of the art and the future prospects for green analytical chemistry with special emphasis on environment-friendly sample-preparation techniques based on the solid phase. We discuss in detail miniaturized SPE techniques, based on the most relevant, most representative and most recent scientific references.