Rationalizing the Lacking of Inversion Symmetry in a Noncentrosymmetric Polar Racemate: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

• Published in: Crystal growth & design 2014-11, Vol.14 (11), p.5822-5833
• Main Authors: Lo Presti, Leonardo, Sist, Mattia, Loconte, Laura, Pinto, Andrea, Tamborini, Lucia, Gatti, Carlo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties; Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties; Crystalline state (including molecular motions in solids); Electron states; Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions; Exact sciences and technology; General studies of phase transitions; Methods of electronic structure calculations; Nucleation; Physics; Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography; Structure of specific crystalline solids; Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
• ISSN: 1528-7483; 1528-7505
• DOI: 10.1021/cg501074x

The total charge density of PYRAC, a polar (Pca21) organic racemate with Z′ = 2, was derived from high-resolution single-crystal X-ray diffraction data at T = 100(2) K and periodic DFT calculations. The PYRAC asymmetric unit consists of a hydrogen-bonded pair of conformationally different enantiomers, A and Bi, where the subscript “i” indicates a reversed absolute configuration. The lattice stability was compared with that of centrosymmetric possibly competing structures, with the aim of understanding why a noncentrosymmetric lattice framework is obtained from a racemic mixture. The likelihood of specific intermolecular recognition processes among different conformers of PYRAC in the very first stages of nucleation was investigated by DFT simulations in vacuo. Two competing, equivalent interconversion pseudorotatory paths between the most stable A and the least stable B conformers were found. It results that molecules spend most of their time (≈53%) in the A conformation, whereas the B one is far less populated (≈7%). Therefore, centrosymmetric AAi adducts are formed very frequently in the reaction liquor, whereas the BBi ones are rare. Nevertheless, AAi pairs produce crystal forms with cohesive energies and densities significantly less favorable than those estimated for the noncentrosymmetric heterochiral ABi ones. Therefore, preference for Z′ = 2 in conjunction with noncentrosymmetric point and space groups results from the thermodynamic control of the crystallization process. The capability of forming extended hydrogen bond chains throughout the lattice appears to be a prerequisite to bind together the fundamental ABi repeating units.