Water Stability and Cytotoxic Activity Relationship of a Series of Ferrocenium Derivatives. ESR Insights on the Radical Production during the Degradation Process

• Published in: Journal of medicinal chemistry 2002-12, Vol.45 (26), p.5786-5796
• Main Authors: Tabbì, Giovanni, Cassino, Claudio, Cavigiolio, Giorgio, Colangelo, Donato, Ghiglia, Annalisa, Viano, Ilario, Osella, Domenico
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antineoplastic agents; Antineoplastic Agents - chemical synthesis; Antineoplastic Agents - chemistry; Antineoplastic Agents - metabolism; Biological and medical sciences; Bleomycin - pharmacology; DNA Damage; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Stability; Drug Synergism; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Ferrous Compounds - chemical synthesis; Ferrous Compounds - chemistry; Ferrous Compounds - pharmacology; Free Radicals - metabolism; General aspects; Humans; Medical sciences; Oxidation-Reduction; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spin Trapping; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Water
• ISSN: 0022-2623; 1520-4804
• DOI: 10.1021/jm021003k

The cytotoxicity of some ferrocenium salts and the lack of activity of the corresponding ferrocenes has been already demonstrated. The cytotoxic activity in different conditions of decamethylferrocenium tetrafluoroborate (DEMFc+) in comparison with four other ferrocenium derivatives on MCF-7 cell line is reported. The relative stability in aqueous solutions with different buffering agents is investigated by means of UV−vis spectroscopy and correlated to the cytotoxic properties of the compounds. DEMFc+, the most stable compound, shows the highest efficiency in inhibiting cell growth (IC50 35 μM, for 48 h treatment). Relaxation time measurements point out the involvement of water molecules in the degradation process. ESR results confirm the ability of ferrocenium cations to produce oxygen radical species as a consequence of their degradation in water. Oxygen-dependent formation of both hydroxyl and superoxide radicals is established by the spin-trapping technique. A direct evidence of the DEMFc+ radical production into the viable cells is obtained by means of fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis that reveals a dose-dependent growth of 8-oxoguanine, the initial product of the guanine oxidation. This DNA oxidative stress justifies the cytotoxic effect of DEMFc+. Furthermore, the cytotoxic cooperative effect of bleomycin, an iron-dependent antitumor drug, and DEMFc+ has been tested. We have demonstrated the synergic effect between the two drugs, that is explained by the complementary oxidative damage inflicted to DNA as well as by the increasing of bleomycin activation by the iron(II/III) species available in the cell compartment from ferrocenium degradation.