Northwest monsoon upwelling within the Indonesian seas

The previous studies of upwelling within the Indonesian seas only focused on the Southeast Monsoon (SEM) season. The western coast of Sumatra Island; the southern coast of Java Island, Sunda Islands, and Sulawesi Island; the Banda Sea, the Maluku Sea, and the Arafura Sea are well-known SEM upwelling...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of remote sensing 2021-07, Vol.42 (14), p.5433-5454
Main Authors: Wirasatriya, Anindya, Susanto, R. Dwi, Kunarso, Kunarso, Jalil, Abd. Rasyid, Ramdani, Fatwa, Puryajati, Ardiansyah Desmont
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a
Cloud cover
Dipoles
El Nino
Infrared detectors
Islands
La Nina
Mass transport
Monsoons
Ocean circulation
Offshore
Organic matter
Rain
Rainfall
Remote sensing
Satellites
Sea level
Sea level anomalies
Sea surface
Sea surface temperature
Southern Oscillation
Surface temperature
Surface wind
Suspended sediments
Upwelling
Wind
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Summary:The previous studies of upwelling within the Indonesian seas only focused on the Southeast Monsoon (SEM) season. The western coast of Sumatra Island; the southern coast of Java Island, Sunda Islands, and Sulawesi Island; the Banda Sea, the Maluku Sea, and the Arafura Sea are well-known SEM upwelling areas. However, the upwelling events during Northwest monsoon (NWM) have never been investigated. The investigation of NWM upwelling is challenging due to the broad cloud coverage, limiting the observation of infrared and visible sensors of the satellites. This study used the blended products of the satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (chl-a), sea level anomaly (SLA), surface wind, and rainfall to identify the NWM upwelling occurrences. Remote sensing reflectances 443 nm and 555 nm were also used to examine the influence of suspended sediment and organic matter which may bias the chl-a concentration. Along the northern coast of the Lesser Sunda Islands, the north coast of Papua Island and the Malacca Strait are the areas of NWM upwelling as denoted by the positive anomaly of chl-a, the negative anomaly of SST, and the negative anomaly of SLA. Focusing on the area along the northern coast of the Lesser Sunda Islands, the NWM upwelling is generated by offshore Ekman Mass Transport that reduces SST and increases chl-a. From 2010 onwards, El Niňo Southern Oscillation has a more consistent effect on the NWM upwelling than Indian Ocean Dipole. El Niňo (La Niňa) tends to weaken (strengthen) upwelling. The magnitude of NWM upwelling is weaker than SEM upwelling.
ISSN:0143-1161
1366-5901
DOI:10.1080/01431161.2021.1918790