The Association of Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Daily Carbohydrates Intake with the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and daily carbohydrates intake have been associated with a variety of cancers, but their implications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial. The purpose of our study is to investigate the association of GI, GL and daily carbohydrat...

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Published in:Nutrition and cancer 2023, Vol.75 (2), p.461-469
Main Authors: Yang, Long-Shan, Yan, Lun-Jie, Meng, Guang-Xiao, Ding, Zi-Niu, Yao, Sheng-Yu, Li, Hai-Chao, Dong, Zhao-Ru, Chen, Zhi-Qiang, Hong, Jian-Guo, Li, Tao
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Blood Glucose
Cancer
Carbohydrates
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - epidemiology
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - etiology
Clinical outcomes
Diet
Dietary Carbohydrates - adverse effects
Glycemic Index
Glycemic Load
Health risks
Hepatitis
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Heterogeneity
Humans
Liver cancer
Liver Neoplasms - epidemiology
Liver Neoplasms - etiology
Meta-analysis
Nutrient deficiency
Risk
Risk assessment
Risk Factors
Risk reduction
Subgroups
Viruses
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Summary:Background: Glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and daily carbohydrates intake have been associated with a variety of cancers, but their implications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial. The purpose of our study is to investigate the association of GI, GL and daily carbohydrates intake with the risk of HCC. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science until November 2020. According to the degree of heterogeneity, random effect model or fixed effect model was chosen to obtain the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Four cohort studies and three case-control studies were eventually included. The pooled results showed no significant association of GI (RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.80-1.53), GL (RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.76-1.55), and daily carbohydrates intake (RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.84-1.32) with the risk of HCC in the general population. Subgroup analysis revealed that in hepatitis B virus (HBV) or/and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive group, GI was irrelevant to the risk of HCC (RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.32-1.32), while a high GL diet was associated with a higher risk of HCC (RR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.04-2.23). In contrast, in HBV and HCV-negative group, both GI (RR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.88-1.70) and GL (RR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.83-1.64) were not associated with the risk of HCC. Conclusion: A high GL diet increases the risk of HCC in those with viral hepatitis. A low GL diet is recommended for them to reduce the risk of HCC.
ISSN:0163-5581
1532-7914
DOI:10.1080/01635581.2022.2149822