Determination of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in bottled water distributed in tehran: a health risk assessment study

In this study, the levels of six PAEs [bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)] were determined from four types of bottled water)non-carbonated, mineral, carbonated a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of environmental analytical chemistry 2024-08, Vol.104 (10), p.2417-2431
Main Authors: Mehraie, Abbas, Shariatifar, Nabi, Arabameri, Majid, Moazzen, Mojtaba, Mortazavian, Amir Mohammad, Sheikh, Fatemeh, Sohrabvandi, Sara
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bottled water
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Cancer
Carbonation
Carcinogens
Dibutyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dioctyl phthalate
Drinking water
Environmental protection
Esters
Gas chromatography
health risk assessment
Health risks
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Monte Carlo simulation
MSPE-GC/MS
phthalate acid ester (PAEs)
Phthalate esters
Phthalates
Risk assessment
Solid phases
Water analysis
Water sampling
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Summary:In this study, the levels of six PAEs [bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)] were determined from four types of bottled water)non-carbonated, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavoured) using MSPE method (magnetic solid phase extraction) and GC/MS technique (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The mean concentration of total PAEs was 6.11 ± 1.43 µg/L. The mean concentration of DEHP was 2.22 ± 0.76 µg/L and was lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level in drinking water (6 μg/L for DEHP). The highest mean level of total PAE was observed in carbonated water (7.43 ± 2.03 μg/L) and the lowest mean level of total PAE was observed in non-carbonated water (5.15 ± 0.41 μg/L). The Monte Carlo method was applied to calculate the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) indexes. In all samples, the rank order of the estimated THQ values based on the 95% percentile was DEHP (4.77E-4) > DBP (2.25E-5) > BBP (1.99E-5) > DEP (2.75E-6) and there would be unlikely non-carcinogenic risks for consumers (THQ
ISSN:0306-7319
1029-0397
DOI:10.1080/03067319.2022.2062239