A review on the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of 4D printing and bioprinting in regenerative medicine

Four-dimensional (4 D) printing is a novel emerging technology, which can be defined as the ability of 3 D printed materials to change their form and functions. The term 'time' is added to 3 D printing as the fourth dimension, in which materials can respond to a stimulus after finishing th...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer ed. 2023, Vol.34 (1), p.108-146
Main Authors: Pourmasoumi, Parvin, Moghaddam, Armaghan, Nemati Mahand, Saba, Heidari, Fatemeh, Salehi Moghaddam, Zahra, Arjmand, Mohammad, Kühnert, Ines, Kruppke, Benjamin, Wiesmann, Hans-Peter, Khonakdar, Hossein Ali
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
3D printing
4D bioprinting
Bioink
stimuli-responsive
Tissue engineering
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Summary:Four-dimensional (4 D) printing is a novel emerging technology, which can be defined as the ability of 3 D printed materials to change their form and functions. The term 'time' is added to 3 D printing as the fourth dimension, in which materials can respond to a stimulus after finishing the manufacturing process. 4 D printing provides more versatility in terms of size, shape, and structure after printing the construct. Complex material programmability, multi-material printing, and precise structure design are the essential requirements of 4 D printing systems. The utilization of stimuli-responsive polymers has increasingly taken the place of cell traction force-dependent methods and manual folding, offering a more advanced technique to affect a construct's adjusted shape transformation. The present review highlights the concept of 4 D printing and the responsive bioinks used in 4 D printing, such as water-responsive, pH-responsive, thermo-responsive, and light-responsive materials used in tissue regeneration. Cell traction force methods are described as well. Finally, this paper aims to introduce the limitations and future trends of 4 D printing in biomedical applications based on selected key references from the last decade.
ISSN:0920-5063
1568-5624
DOI:10.1080/09205063.2022.2110480