Fetal intracranial hemorrhage. Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcomes

• Published in: The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine 2019-01, Vol.32 (1), p.21-30
• Main Authors: Adiego, Begoña, Martínez-Ten, Pilar, Bermejo, Carmina, Estévez, María, Recio Rodriguez, Manuel, Illescas, Tamara
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: CNS; Female; Fetal Diseases - diagnostic imaging; fetal MRI; Humans; intracranial hemorrhage; Intracranial Hemorrhages - diagnostic imaging; intraventricular hemorrhage; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Retrospective Studies; ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
• ISSN: 1476-7058; 1476-4954
• DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1369521

Objective: To present our experience with 14 cases of fetal intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: Cases of fetal ICH detected in our institution between 2005 and 2016 by ultrasonography. Maternal characteristics, ultrasound and MRI findings, and postnatal outcome were noted. Results: Twelve cases (86.7%) were identified during a third trimester routine scan at a median gestational age of 30.6 weeks. The ICH was classified as Grade 2 in two cases, Grade 3 in three cases, and Grade 4 in nine cases. Nine cases were bilateral and five were unilateral (four left/one right). The 11 MRI available confirmed grade and location and, in six cases (54.5%), added new findings. There were six terminations of pregnancy, one intrauterine fetal death and seven babies born alive. These were followed up for 28 months (range 3-96). Some grade of neurologic impairment was observed in five children (71.4%, one Grade 3/four Grade 4), mainly mild to moderate motor sequelae. Conclusion: Diagnosis of fetal ICH is amenable to antenatal US. Most of the cases identified are of high grade and usually detected during the third trimester. MRI is a valuable complementary tool in evaluating ICH. Conversely to that previously reported, postnatal survival is high but it entails the risk of adverse neurologic outcome in most neonates.