Development of the psychologically deep experiences (PDE) in nature scale

Mannell described psychologically deep experiences (PDEs) as meaningful events that alter awareness of the passage of time, perceptions of self and the environment. This study integrated 4 PDEs - Communitas, Fascination, Flow experiences and Spiritual experiences by using 11 constructs, developed in...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Leisure (Waterloo) 2016-01, Vol.40 (1), p.101-129
Main Authors: Litwiller, Fenton, Walker, Gordon J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
activités récréatives extérieures
Communitas
expériences spirituelles
fascination
flow
flux
nature-based recreation
Outdoor activities
Perceptions
Psychology
Recreation
spiritual experiences
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Summary:Mannell described psychologically deep experiences (PDEs) as meaningful events that alter awareness of the passage of time, perceptions of self and the environment. This study integrated 4 PDEs - Communitas, Fascination, Flow experiences and Spiritual experiences by using 11 constructs, developed in preexisting scales, designed to measure them. Our purpose was to develop a valid and comprehensive, nature-based PDE scale. After an expert review (n = 5) and conducting interviews (n = 12), the newly developed scale was included in an online questionnaire composed of nature-based recreationists (n = 431). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good overall fit for the test and cross validation samples (e.g. RMSEA = 0.047 and 0.038, NFI = 0.94 and 0.94). Although the Communitas and Fascination dimensions require empirical refinement, our findings help to distinguish among four correlated dimensions of meaningful outdoor recreation experiences.
ISSN:1492-7713
2151-2221
DOI:10.1080/14927713.2016.1169436