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Mechanism of Free Radical Production in Exhaustive Exercise in Humans and Rats; Role of Xanthine Oxidase and Protection by Allopurinol
Exhaustive exercise generates free radicals. However, the source of this oxidative damage remains controversial. The aim of this paper was to study further the mechanism of exercise‐induced production of free radicals. Testing the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase contributes to the production of fre...
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| Published in: | IUBMB life 2000-06, Vol.49 (6), p.539-544 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| container_end_page | 544 |
| container_issue | 6 |
| container_start_page | 539 |
| container_title | IUBMB life |
| container_volume | 49 |
| creator | Viña, José Gimeno, Amparo Sastre, Juan Desco, Carmen Asensi, Miguel Pallardó, Federico V. Cuesta, Andrés Ferrero, José Antonio Terada, Lance S. Repine, John E. |
| description | Exhaustive exercise generates free radicals. However, the source of this oxidative damage remains controversial. The aim of this paper was to study further the mechanism of exercise‐induced production of free radicals. Testing the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase contributes to the production of free radicals during exercise, we found not only that exercise caused an increase in blood xanthine oxidase activity in rats but also that inhibiting xanthine oxidase with allopurinol prevented exercise‐induced oxidation of glutathione in both rats and in humans. Furthermore, inhibiting xanthine oxidase prevented the increases in the plasma activity of cytosolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase) seen after exhaustive exercise. Our results provide evidence that xanthine oxidase is responsible for the free radical production and tissue damage during exhaustive exercise. These findings also suggest that mitochondria play a minor role as a source of free radicals during exhaustive physical exercise. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1080/15216540050167098 |
| format | article |
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However, the source of this oxidative damage remains controversial. The aim of this paper was to study further the mechanism of exercise‐induced production of free radicals. Testing the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase contributes to the production of free radicals during exercise, we found not only that exercise caused an increase in blood xanthine oxidase activity in rats but also that inhibiting xanthine oxidase with allopurinol prevented exercise‐induced oxidation of glutathione in both rats and in humans. Furthermore, inhibiting xanthine oxidase prevented the increases in the plasma activity of cytosolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase) seen after exhaustive exercise. Our results provide evidence that xanthine oxidase is responsible for the free radical production and tissue damage during exhaustive exercise. These findings also suggest that mitochondria play a minor role as a source of free radicals during exhaustive physical exercise.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1521-6543</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1521-6551</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1080/15216540050167098</identifier><identifier>PMID: 11032249</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>UK: Informa Healthcare</publisher><subject>Adult ; Allopurinol ; Allopurinol - pharmacology ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood ; Creatine Kinase - blood ; Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology ; Exercise ; Exercise - physiology ; Free Radical Scavengers - pharmacology ; Free Radicals - metabolism ; Glutathione - metabolism ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase - blood ; Liver - metabolism ; Male ; Malondialdehyde - metabolism ; Mitochondria - metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism ; Oxidase ; Oxidative ; Oxidative Stress ; Physical ; Physical Exertion - physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Stress ; Xanthine ; Xanthine Oxidase - antagonists & inhibitors ; Xanthine Oxidase - metabolism</subject><ispartof>IUBMB life, 2000-06, Vol.49 (6), p.539-544</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2000 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4161-898013986c88b8fcedbd902ee89a5834eeb509407f64aeb2e27f28f7e1b331a83</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27922,27923</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032249$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Viña, José</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gimeno, Amparo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sastre, Juan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desco, Carmen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asensi, Miguel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pallardó, Federico V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cuesta, Andrés</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrero, José Antonio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terada, Lance S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Repine, John E.</creatorcontrib><title>Mechanism of Free Radical Production in Exhaustive Exercise in Humans and Rats; Role of Xanthine Oxidase and Protection by Allopurinol</title><title>IUBMB life</title><addtitle>IUBMB Life</addtitle><description>Exhaustive exercise generates free radicals. However, the source of this oxidative damage remains controversial. The aim of this paper was to study further the mechanism of exercise‐induced production of free radicals. Testing the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase contributes to the production of free radicals during exercise, we found not only that exercise caused an increase in blood xanthine oxidase activity in rats but also that inhibiting xanthine oxidase with allopurinol prevented exercise‐induced oxidation of glutathione in both rats and in humans. Furthermore, inhibiting xanthine oxidase prevented the increases in the plasma activity of cytosolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase) seen after exhaustive exercise. Our results provide evidence that xanthine oxidase is responsible for the free radical production and tissue damage during exhaustive exercise. These findings also suggest that mitochondria play a minor role as a source of free radicals during exhaustive physical exercise.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Allopurinol</subject><subject>Allopurinol - pharmacology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood</subject><subject>Creatine Kinase - blood</subject><subject>Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Free Radical Scavengers - pharmacology</subject><subject>Free Radicals - metabolism</subject><subject>Glutathione - metabolism</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>L-Lactate Dehydrogenase - blood</subject><subject>Liver - metabolism</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Malondialdehyde - metabolism</subject><subject>Mitochondria - metabolism</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism</subject><subject>Oxidase</subject><subject>Oxidative</subject><subject>Oxidative Stress</subject><subject>Physical</subject><subject>Physical Exertion - physiology</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Wistar</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Xanthine</subject><subject>Xanthine Oxidase - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Xanthine Oxidase - metabolism</subject><issn>1521-6543</issn><issn>1521-6551</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2000</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkMtKw0AUhgdRbL08gBuZF4jOyeQyQTdtaa3QUikV3IVJckJHcikzibYv4HM7IUUXLjybczh8_7f4CbkBdgdMsHvwXQh8jzGfQRCySJyQYfdzAt-H05_b4wNyYcw7s2OpczIAYNx1vWhIvpaYbmWlTEnrnM40Il3LTKWyoC-6ztq0UXVFVUWn-61sTaM-0J6oU2Wwe8_bUlaGyiqzucY80HVdYKd6k1WzVRXS1V5l0sIdYpUN9srkQEdFUe9araq6uCJnuSwMXh_3JXmdTTeTubNYPT1PRgsn9SAAR0SCAY9EkAqRiDzFLMki5iKKSPqCe4iJzyKPhXngSUxcdMPcFXmIkHAOUvBLAr031bUxGvN4p1Up9SEGFnedxn86tZnbPrNrkxKz38SxRAs89sCnKvDwvzHejJfjELhgPAiAfwNZ_oMG</recordid><startdate>200006</startdate><enddate>200006</enddate><creator>Viña, José</creator><creator>Gimeno, Amparo</creator><creator>Sastre, Juan</creator><creator>Desco, Carmen</creator><creator>Asensi, Miguel</creator><creator>Pallardó, Federico V.</creator><creator>Cuesta, Andrés</creator><creator>Ferrero, José Antonio</creator><creator>Terada, Lance S.</creator><creator>Repine, John E.</creator><general>Informa Healthcare</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200006</creationdate><title>Mechanism of Free Radical Production in Exhaustive Exercise in Humans and Rats; Role of Xanthine Oxidase and Protection by Allopurinol</title><author>Viña, José ; Gimeno, Amparo ; Sastre, Juan ; Desco, Carmen ; Asensi, Miguel ; Pallardó, Federico V. ; Cuesta, Andrés ; Ferrero, José Antonio ; Terada, Lance S. ; Repine, John E.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4161-898013986c88b8fcedbd902ee89a5834eeb509407f64aeb2e27f28f7e1b331a83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2000</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Allopurinol</topic><topic>Allopurinol - pharmacology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood</topic><topic>Creatine Kinase - blood</topic><topic>Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Free Radical Scavengers - pharmacology</topic><topic>Free Radicals - metabolism</topic><topic>Glutathione - metabolism</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>L-Lactate Dehydrogenase - blood</topic><topic>Liver - metabolism</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Malondialdehyde - metabolism</topic><topic>Mitochondria - metabolism</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism</topic><topic>Oxidase</topic><topic>Oxidative</topic><topic>Oxidative Stress</topic><topic>Physical</topic><topic>Physical Exertion - physiology</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Wistar</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Xanthine</topic><topic>Xanthine Oxidase - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Xanthine Oxidase - metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Viña, José</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gimeno, Amparo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sastre, Juan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desco, Carmen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asensi, Miguel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pallardó, Federico V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cuesta, Andrés</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrero, José Antonio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terada, Lance S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Repine, John E.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>IUBMB life</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Viña, José</au><au>Gimeno, Amparo</au><au>Sastre, Juan</au><au>Desco, Carmen</au><au>Asensi, Miguel</au><au>Pallardó, Federico V.</au><au>Cuesta, Andrés</au><au>Ferrero, José Antonio</au><au>Terada, Lance S.</au><au>Repine, John E.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mechanism of Free Radical Production in Exhaustive Exercise in Humans and Rats; 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However, the source of this oxidative damage remains controversial. The aim of this paper was to study further the mechanism of exercise‐induced production of free radicals. Testing the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase contributes to the production of free radicals during exercise, we found not only that exercise caused an increase in blood xanthine oxidase activity in rats but also that inhibiting xanthine oxidase with allopurinol prevented exercise‐induced oxidation of glutathione in both rats and in humans. Furthermore, inhibiting xanthine oxidase prevented the increases in the plasma activity of cytosolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase) seen after exhaustive exercise. Our results provide evidence that xanthine oxidase is responsible for the free radical production and tissue damage during exhaustive exercise. 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| source | Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection |
| subjects | Adult Allopurinol Allopurinol - pharmacology Animals Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood Creatine Kinase - blood Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology Exercise Exercise - physiology Free Radical Scavengers - pharmacology Free Radicals - metabolism Glutathione - metabolism Humans L-Lactate Dehydrogenase - blood Liver - metabolism Male Malondialdehyde - metabolism Mitochondria - metabolism Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism Oxidase Oxidative Oxidative Stress Physical Physical Exertion - physiology Rats Rats, Wistar Stress Xanthine Xanthine Oxidase - antagonists & inhibitors Xanthine Oxidase - metabolism |
| title | Mechanism of Free Radical Production in Exhaustive Exercise in Humans and Rats; Role of Xanthine Oxidase and Protection by Allopurinol |
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