Protection challenges and mitigation techniques of power grid integrated to renewable energy sources: A review

• Published in: Energy sources. Part A, Recovery, utilization, and environmental effects Recovery, utilization, and environmental effects, 2023-06, Vol.45 (2), p.4195-4210
• Main Authors: Shah, Hinal, Chakravorty, Jaydeep, Chothani, Nilesh G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: islanded; microgrid; Protection issues; smart grid; transmission and distribution network
• ISSN: 1556-7036; 1556-7230
• DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2023.2203111

Recently, there has been a noticeable contribution from renewable energy sources to enhance sources of electricity generation. The annual increase in energy consumption, the negative impacts of unsustainable energy sources, and the worldwide deterioration of fossil fuels like coal and oil are the causes of this. Solar and wind energy sources are the most often used renewable energy sources because of its minimal adverse environmental effects, negligible operating costs, and straightforward operational requirements. Simultaneously, renewable energy sources (RES) bring new challenges for protective measures. The dynamic response of RES, which is mostly controlled by inverters, is not taken into consideration while designing protection systems because rotating machines tend to behave dynamically as generating units. The magnitude and phase angle comparison, amount of negative-sequence, and short-circuit current level are all impacted by the RES, which presents difficulties for various pertinent transmission and distribution lines protection algorithms. This article is focused on 'Smart Grid Concept', known as the future power grid, which uses bidirectional flows of electricity and information to build an automated energy delivery network that is broadly distributed. Protection challenges and their feasible solutions for grid integrated RES are addressed in this review paper.