Review on industrial wastewater energy sources and carbon emission reduction: towards a clean production

• Published in: International journal of sustainable engineering 2019-01, Vol.12 (1), p.47-57
• Main Authors: Ahmad, Anwar, Ghufran, Roomana
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: aerobic; AF: Anaerobic film; anaerobic reactor; Anaerobic treatment; AS: Activated sludge; ASP: Activated sludge process; BE: Baseline emission; Biogas; BOD: Biochemical oxygen demand (g L; Carbon dioxide; Carbon sources; CDM: Clean development mechanism; CER; CERs: Certified emission reductions; Clean Development Mechanism; Clean energy; Climate change; COD; COD: Chemical oxygen demand (g L; CPO: Crude palm oil; CRT: Cell residence time (days); Crude oil; diss; Dissolved chemical oxygen demand (g L; DOE: Department of environment; Effluents; emission reduction; Emissions control; Energy sources; EQA: Environmental quality act; FFB: Fresh fruit bunch; GHG: Green house gas; Global warming; Green energy; Hazards; HRT: Hydraulic retention time (days); Industrial wastes; Industrial wastewater; Lagoons; Methane; OLR: Organic loading rate (kgCOD m; Palm oil; PE: Project emissions; PEFC: Project emissions from fossil fuel combustion; POME: Palm oil mill effluent; Q: Flow rate (L d; Reactors; SBR: Sequencing batch reactor; SCOD: Soluble chemical oxygen demand (g L; Sludge; SS: Suspended solids (g L; Superficial velocity (m h; Sustainable POME treatment; T-N: Total nitrogen (g L; T-P: Total phosphorous (g L; TKN: Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (g L; TS: Total solids (g L; TSS: Total suspended solids (g L; TVS: Total volatile solids (g L; UASB: Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket; Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors; Upflow velocity (m h; VS: Volatile solids (g L; VSS: Volatile suspended solids (g L; W: width (cm); Wastewater; WTE: Waste to energy; WW: Wastewater
• ISSN: 1939-7038; 1939-7046
• DOI: 10.1080/19397038.2018.1423647

This review provides an innovative approach of treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) from open pond and closed anaerobic sludge reactor for generation of green energy in the form of biogas containing methane. Improper techniques for the treatment and management of POME produce hazards to people and contribute to global warming. In all over the world, the total crude oil palm production in the countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Africa, Latin America, Asian countries, Solomons and other were around 51, 31, 7, 6, 3, 2 and 1% compared with soya 41.8% and coconut 3.48%, respectively. In the year 2014-15, Malaysia generated at least 87.8 million tonnes of palm effluent per year. Various studies reveal that about 80% of palm effluent is disposed off partially treated in open dumps. The generated certified emission reductions (CERs) estimated and favoured the treatment of POME in anaerobic reactor by replacing open lagoon of aerobic system for cleaner production. The clean development mechanism (CDM) encourages the utilisation of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors for POME treatment and methane capture to earn CER credits as a source of revenue.