Detection of 94 compounds related to sexual enhancement including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and their analogues in various formulations of dietary supplements and food samples using HPLC and LC-MS/MS

With an increase in the detection of structural and functional analogues of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) in dietary supplements (DS) and foods, public health is threatened. Some products advertise natural ingredients despite containing PDE-5i that can cause serious adverse effects on...

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Published in:Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 2021-05, Vol.38 (5), p.769-781
Main Authors: Lee, Ji Hyun, Min, A. Young, Park, Ok Rim, Han, Ji Hye, Yang, Yoon Ji, Kim, Hyungil, Baek, Sun Young
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
analogue
Diet
Dietary supplements
Food
Formulations
Health risks
Herbal medicine
High-performance liquid chromatography
HPLC
LC-MS/MS
Linearity
Liquid chromatography
PDE-5I
Phosphodiesterase
Public health
Sildenafil
Structure-function relationships
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Summary:With an increase in the detection of structural and functional analogues of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) in dietary supplements (DS) and foods, public health is threatened. Some products advertise natural ingredients despite containing PDE-5i that can cause serious adverse effects on human health. To avoid detection during routine screening, novel PDE-5i have been synthesised and added to DS and foods. The purpose of this study was to detect, identify, and quantify 94 PDE-5i and related compounds in DS and foods. Furthermore, the study investigated the detection cases and compared them by sample type, formulation, and compounds. The HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods were validated for limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, and recovery in solid and liquid type samples. Both HPLC and LC-MS/MS showed satisfactory results, which were in conformance with the ICH guidelines. A total of 404 samples, including DS (99), and foods (305) were purchased from online and offline markets. Samples divided into 5 types of formulation were analysed; tablet, capsule, pilula (herbal medicine pill), powder and liquid type. Of these 130 samples (47 of 99 DS, and 83 of 305 foods) contained one or more PDE-5i or related compounds. Among the five types of formulation, the tablet type showed the highest detection rate (61.1%) in DS, whereas the capsule type showed the highest detection rate (53.8%) in food samples. This study will be helpful for monitoring illegal ED-related products, providing information to consumers, and ultimately contributing to protecting public health.
ISSN:1944-0049
1944-0057
DOI:10.1080/19440049.2021.1881623