Adaptive magnetorheological fluid energy absorption systems: a review

• Published in: Smart materials and structures 2024-03, Vol.33 (3), p.33002
• Main Authors: Bai, Xianxu ‘Frank’, Zhang, Xinchi, Choi, Young T, Shou, Mengjie, Zhu, Guanghong, Wereley, Norman M
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: energy absorber; hysteresis nonlinearity; magnetorheological (MR) fluid; semi-active control; shock mitigation; soft-landing
• ISSN: 0964-1726; 1361-665X
• DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/ad278b

In the last two decades, magnetorheological (MR) fluids have attracted extensive attention since they can rapidly and continuously control their rheological characteristics by adjusting an external magnetic field. Because of this feature, MR fluids have been applied to various engineering systems. This paper specifically investigates the application of MR fluids in shock mitigation control systems from the aspects of three key technical components: the basic structural design of MR fluid-based energy absorbers (MREAs), the analytical and dynamical model of MREAs, and the control method of adaptive MR shock mitigation control systems. The current status of MR technology in shock mitigation control is presented and analyzed. Firstly, the fundamental mechanical analysis of MREAs is carried out, followed by the introduction of typical MREA configurations. Based on mechanical analysis of MREAs, the structural optimization of MREAs used in shock mitigation control is discussed. The optimization methods are given from perspectives of the design of piston structures, the layout of electromagnetic coil, and the MR fluid gap. Secondly, the methods of damper modeling for MREAs are presented with and without consideration of the inertia effect. Then both the modeling methods and their characteristics are introduced for representative parametric dynamic models, semi-empirical dynamic models, and non-parametric dynamic models. Finally, the control objectives and requirements of the shock mitigation control systems are analyzed, and the current competitive methods for the ideal ‘soft-landing’ control objectives are reviewed. The typical control methods of MR shock mitigation control systems are discussed, and based on this the evaluation indicators of the control performance are summarized.