Investigating the growing population of massive quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon

• Published in: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2020-12, Vol.499 (3), p.4239-4260
• Main Authors: Sherman, Sydney, Jogee, Shardha, Florez, Jonathan, Stevans, Matthew L, Kawinwanichakij, Lalitwadee, Wold, Isak, Finkelstein, Steven L, Papovich, Casey, Ciardullo, Robin, Gronwall, Caryl, Cora, Sofía A, Hough, Tomás, Vega-Martínez, Cristian A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0035-8711; 1365-2966
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa3167

ABSTRACT We explore the build-up of quiescent galaxies using a sample of 28 469 massive (M⋆ ≥ 1011 M⊙) galaxies at redshifts 1.5 < $z$ < 3.0, drawn from a 17.5 deg2 area (0.33 Gpc3 comoving volume at these redshifts). This allows for a robust study of the quiescent fraction as a function of mass at 1.5 < $z$ < 3.0 with a sample ∼40 times larger at log(M⋆/$\rm M_{\odot })\ge 11.5$ than previous studies. We derive the quiescent fraction using three methods: specific star formation rate, distance from the main sequence, and UVJ colour–colour selection. All three methods give similar values at 1.5 < $z$ < 2.0, however the results differ by up to a factor of 2 at 2.0 < $z$ < 3.0. At redshifts 1.5 < $z$ < 3.0, the quiescent fraction increases as a function of stellar mass. By $z$ = 2, only 3.3 Gyr after the big bang, the universe has quenched ∼25 per cent of M⋆ = 1011 M⊙ galaxies and ∼45 per cent of M⋆ = 1012 M⊙ galaxies. We discuss physical mechanisms across a range of epochs and environments that could explain our results. We compare our results with predictions from hydrodynamical simulations SIMBA and IllustrisTNG and semi-analytic models (SAMs) SAG, SAGE, and Galacticus. The quiescent fraction from IllustrisTNG is higher than our empirical result by a factor of 2–5, while those from SIMBA and the three SAMs are lower by a factor of 1.5–10 at 1.5 < $z$ < 3.0.