Police stress: the role of occupational culture and officer characteristics

• Published in: Policing : an international journal of police strategies & management 2023-02, Vol.46 (1), p.194-208
• Main Authors: Paoline III, Eugene A., Gau, Jacinta M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Augmentation; Black white relations; COVID-19; Cultural attitudes; Culture; Cynicism; Domestic violence; Ethnicity; Generalizability; Individual differences; Jurisdiction; Killing; Limitations; Occupational stress; Organizational culture; Pandemics; Perceptions; Police community relations; Police departments; Police-Citizen interactions; Polls & surveys; Psychological distress; Race; Socialization; Stress; Subordinates; Supervisors; Trainers; Work environment
• ISSN: 1363-951X; 1758-695X
• DOI: 10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2022-0102

PurposeThe purpose of the current study was to augment the police culture and stress literature by empirically examining the impact of features of the internal and external work environment, as well as officer characteristics, on police officer stress.Design/methodology/approachThe current empirical inquiry utilized survey data collected from street-level officers in a mid-sized urban police department in a southern region of the United States (n = 349).FindingsThis study revealed that perceived danger, suspicion of citizens and cynicism toward the public increased police occupational stress, while support from supervisors mitigated it. In addition, Black and Latinx officers reported significantly less stress than their White counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this study demonstrates that patrol officers' perceptions of the external and internal work environments (and race/ethnicity) matter in terms of occupational stress, it is not without limitations. One limitation related to the generalizability of the findings, as results are gleaned from a single large agency serving a metropolitan jurisdiction in the Southeast. Second, this study focused on cultural attitudes and stress, although exact connections to behaviors are more speculative. Finally, the survey took place prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the killing of George Floyd (and others), which radically shook police–community relationships nationwide.Practical implicationsPolice administrators should be cognizant of the importance that views of them have for patrol officer stress levels. Moreover, police trainers and supervisors concerned with occupational stress of their subordinates should work toward altering assignments and socialization patterns so that officers are exposed to a variety of patrol areas, in avoiding prolonged assignments of high social distress.Originality/valueThe study augmented the police culture and stress literature by empirically uncovering the individual-level sources of patrol officers' job-related stress. This study builds off of Paoline and Gau's (2018) research using data collected some 15 years ago by examining a more contemporary, post–Ferguson, context.