BRDF of human skin in the visible spectrum

• Published in: Sensor review 2017-11, Vol.37 (4), p.390-395
• Main Authors: Sohaib, Ali, Broadbent, Laurence, Farooq, Abdul Rehman, Smith, Lyndon Neal, Smith, Melvyn Lionel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Angle of reflection; Bidirectional reflectance; Design; Distribution functions; Fiber optics; Image registration; Incidence angle; Incident light; Light; Machine vision; Measurement techniques; Narrowband; Physical properties; Sensors; Skin; Spectra; Specular reflection; Three dimensional printing; Visible spectrum
• ISSN: 0260-2288; 1758-6828
• DOI: 10.1108/SR-11-2016-0258

Purpose Significant research has been carried out in terms of development of new bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) instruments; however, there is still little research available regarding spectral BRDF measurements of human skin. This study aims to investigate the variation in human skin reflectance using a new fibre optic-based spectral-BRDF measurement device. Design/methodology/approach Design of this system mainly involves use of multiple fibre optics to illuminate and detect light reflected from a sample, whereas a hemispherical dome was 3D printed to mount the fibres at various slant/tilt angles. To investigate the spectral differences in BRDF of human skin, 3 narrowband filters in the visible spectrum were used, whereas measurements were taken from the back of the hand for Caucasian and Asian skin types. Findings The experiments demonstrate that the BRDF of human skin varies with wavelengths in the visible spectrum and it is also different for Caucasian and Asian skin types. Both skin types exhibit off-specular reflection with increase in angle of incidence and show less variation with respect to viewing angles when the angle of incidence is normal to the surface. Research implications A database of spectral BRDF measurements of human skin will help not only in creating realistic skin renderings but also in development of novel skin reflectance models for biomedical and machine vision applications. The measurements would also provide means to validate the predictions from existing light transport/spectral simulation models for human skin and will ultimately help in the accurate diagnosis and simulation of various skin disorders. Originality/value The proposed system provides fast scatter measurements by utilising multiple fibres to detect light simultaneously at different angles while also allowing easy switching between incident light directions. Due to its flexible design and contact-based measurements, the device is independent of errors due to sample movements and does not require any image registration. Also, measurements taken from the device show that the BRDF of skin varies significantly in the visible spectrum and it is different for Caucasian and Asian skin types.