Analyzing and Enhancing the Security of Ultrasonic Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles rely on sensors to measure road condition and make driving decisions, and their safety relies heavily on the reliability of these sensors. Out of all obstacle detection sensors, ultrasonic sensors have the largest market share and are expected to be increasingly installed on auto...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE internet of things journal 2018-12, Vol.5 (6), p.5015-5029
Main Authors: Xu, Wenyuan, Yan, Chen, Jia, Weibin, Ji, Xiaoyu, Liu, Jianhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acoustics
Aircraft accidents & safety
Automatic pilots
Automobiles
Autonomous vehicle
Autonomous vehicles
Blindness
Computer simulation
defense
Driving
Driving conditions
Electric vehicles
Internet of Things
Jamming
Materials handling
Mechanical sensors
Obstacle avoidance
Security
security analysis
Sensor systems
Sensors
Spoofing
ultrasonic sensor
Ultrasonic testing
Vehicles
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Summary:Autonomous vehicles rely on sensors to measure road condition and make driving decisions, and their safety relies heavily on the reliability of these sensors. Out of all obstacle detection sensors, ultrasonic sensors have the largest market share and are expected to be increasingly installed on automobiles. Such sensors discover obstacles by emitting ultrasounds and analyzing their reflections. By exploiting the built-in vulnerabilities of sensors, we designed random spoofing, adaptive spoofing, and jamming attacks on ultrasonic sensors, and we managed to trick a vehicle to stop when it should keep moving, and let it fail to stop when it should. We validate our attacks on stand-alone sensors and moving vehicles, including a Tesla Model S with the "Autopilot" system. The results show that the attacks cause blindness and malfunction of not only sensors but also autonomous vehicles, which can lead to collisions. To enhance the security of ultrasonic sensors and autonomous vehicles, we propose two defense strategies, single-sensor-based physical shift authentication that verifies signals on the physical level, and multiple sensor consistency check that employs multiple sensors to verify signals on the system level. Our experiments on real sensors and MATLAB simulation reveal the validity of both schemes.
ISSN:2327-4662
2327-4662
DOI:10.1109/JIOT.2018.2867917