Challenges of Raman Amplification

Raman amplifiers are often regarded as a typical example of technologies rapidly developed in the midst of turmoil created by the so-called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) bubble. Indeed, Raman amplifiers turned out to be technically very attractive in all the aspects of capacity, reach, and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Proceedings of the IEEE 2006, Vol.94 (5), p.1024-1035
Main Authors: Namiki, S., Koji Seo, Tsukiji, N., Shikii, S.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
14XX-nm pump lasers
Amplification
Amplifiers
Bit rate
Bubbles
Costs
Distributed amplifiers
Fiber fuse
Fiber lasers
Laser excitation
Lasers
optical amplifier
Optical amplifiers
Optical communication
optical damage
Optical fiber communication
Pumps
Raman amplification
Raman amplifier
Raman scattering
Safety
Stimulated emission
Wavelength division multiplexing
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) pumping
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Summary:Raman amplifiers are often regarded as a typical example of technologies rapidly developed in the midst of turmoil created by the so-called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) bubble. Indeed, Raman amplifiers turned out to be technically very attractive in all the aspects of capacity, reach, and bit rate. Even though Raman amplifiers are actually being deployed into systems in commercial service, the practical issues, such as cost, reliability and safety, are yet to be further discussed, particularly for the configuration of distributed amplification. After summarizing the advantages of Raman amplification and reviewing pump laser technologies, this paper will highlight ongoing efforts on practical issues, which include reliability and safety issues of fiber under high-power operations. Finally, it is concluded that by overcoming the above-mentioned practical issues, Raman amplification will stay as a key technology for future optical communications because of its compelling unique advantages
ISSN:0018-9219
1558-2256
DOI:10.1109/JPROC.2006.873444