Sensor Fusion for Unobtrusive Respiratory Rate Estimation in Dogs

• Published in: IEEE sensors journal 2019-08, Vol.19 (16), p.7072-7081
• Main Authors: Antink, Christoph Hoog, Pirhonen, Mikko, Vaataja, Heli, Somppi, Sanni, Tornqvist, Heini, Cardo, Anna, Teichmann, Daniel, Vainio, Outi, Surakka, Veikko, Vehkaoja, Antti
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accelerometers; Algorithms; animal health management; Dogs; Electrodes; Heart rate; Impedance; IP networks; Monitoring; Multisensor fusion; Optical measurement; Pneumography; Respiratory rate; Sensor fusion; Signal quality; unobtrusive sensing
• ISSN: 1530-437X; 1558-1748
• DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2912002

Respiration is vital to land-dwelling mammals; besides, salient information is encoded in the respiratory rate. Objective assessment of the respiratory rate is difficult in dogs; in particular, if the unobtrusive measurement is desired. The goal of this work was to develop and evaluate a method for unobtrusive sensing of respiratory rate in dogs. For this, the "FlexPock" multisensor system, originally developed for unobtrusive estimation of heart rate and respiratory rate in humans via magnetic impedance; accelerometry; and optical measurements, was used to assess canine respiratory rate. In a proof-of-concept study with 10 healthy dogs of different breeds and sizes, a total of 240 minutes of data was recorded in the phases standing, sitting, lying down, and walking. An algorithm was developed that estimates the respiratory rate by fusing the information from multiple sensors for increased accuracy and robustness. To discard unusable data, a simple yet effective signal quality metric was introduced. Impedance pneumography recorded using adhesive electrodes was used as a reference. Analysis of the raw FlexPock data revealed that the magnetic impedance and accelerometry were the best individual sensing modalities and fusion of these data further increased the accuracy. Using leave-one-dog-out cross-validation, the average estimation error was 9.5% at a coverage of 50.1%. However, strong variation between dogs and phases was observed. During the walking phase, neither reference nor unobtrusive sensor reported usable results, while the sitting phase exhibited the best performance. In conclusion, the fusion of magnetic impedance and accelerometry can be used for unobtrusive respiratory rate estimation in stationary dogs.